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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/u><\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u064a <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0640\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \/ \u063a\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629&#8230;)<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645)<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u062e<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"96\">\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061f<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/td>\n<td width=\"108\">\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 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\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a <\/strong><strong>Pierre L\u00e9vy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064f\u0646\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 8)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0639 \u062a<\/strong><strong>\u0630<\/strong><strong>\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Anger R. (Ed.), foreword by D. Dennett, Darwinizing Culture : The Status of Memetics as a Science, Oxford U. P. 2000<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a memetics\u00bb. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>Bateson, G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 2 vol., Chandler, NY, 1972. Traduction fran\u00e7aise: Vers une \u00e9cologie de l\u2019esprit, tomes 1 et 2, Seuil, 1977 et 1980.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>Bloom, H., Global Brain. The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century, John Willey and Sons, NY-Toronto, 2000<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064f \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>Castells, M., The Information Age, Economy, Society and Culture, (3 vol.) Blackwell, Oxford, 1998, traduit en fran\u00e7ais chez Fayard en 1998 et 1999.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 400 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>Digital Opportunity Initiative (Final Report) Creating a Development Dynamic, United Nations, NY, 2001 En ligne : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opt-init.org\/\">http:\/\/www.opt-init.org<\/a>\/<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>Hayek, F. The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review, XXXV, No. 4; September, 1945, 519-30. En ligne :<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.virtualschool.edu\/mon\/Economics\/HayekUseOfKnowledge.html\">http:\/\/www.virtualschool.edu\/mon\/Economics\/HayekUseOfKnowledge.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>Heylighen, F. &amp; alii, Principia Cybernetica Web (http:\/\/pespmc1.vub.ac.be\/DEFAULT.html)<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 Heyligen \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u00ab\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>Kelly, K., Out of Control,. The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World, Addison Wesley, NY, 1994<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>Kerckhove (de), D., Connected Intelligence, Somerville House, Toronto, 1997 (Traduction fran\u00e7aise : L\u2019intelligence des r\u00e9seaux, Odile Jacob, 2000)<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648..<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Levine, R., Locke, C., Searls, D., Weinberger, D., The Cluetrain Manifesto, the End of Business as Usual, Perseus Books, Cambridge, Mass., 1999.<\/p>\n<p>En ligne : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cluetrain.com\/\">http:\/\/www.cluetrain.com<\/a>\/<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P., Les technologies de l\u2019intelligence. L\u2019avenir de la pens\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re informatique, La D\u00e9couverte, Paris, 1990<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P. L\u2019intelligence collective. Pour une anthropologie du cyberespace, La D\u00e9couverte, Paris, 1994<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P., Qu\u2019est-ce que le virtuel? La D\u00e9couverte, Paris, 1995<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0629 virtualisation \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P., Cyberculture, Odile Jacob, Paris, 1997.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8230; \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P., World Philosophie : le march\u00e9, le cyberespace, la conscience, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2000.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621!) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P., Cyberd\u00e9mocratie : Essai de philosophie politique, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2002.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0641\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064f \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9vy, P., en ligne, Une liste d\u2019hyperliens sur l\u2019intelligence collective dans le cyberespace: <a href=\"http:\/\/noosphere.cc\/thinking.html\">http:\/\/noosphere.cc\/thinking.html<\/a> (cliquer sur \u00ab Pierre L\u00e9vy collective intelligence \u00bb)<\/p>\n<p>McLuhan, M., Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man, New American Library, NY, 1964. En fran\u00e7ais : Pour comprendre les m\u00e9dias. Mame-Seuil, Paris- Montreal, 1968<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0631\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>Packer, R., Jordan, K., Multimedia, from Wagner to Virtual Reality, Norton, NY, 2001<\/p>\n<p>Un recueil des principaux textes &#8220;historiques&#8221; des penseurs et visionnaires du multimdedia et de l\u2019Internet.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>Rheingold, H., Virtual Community, new edition, MIT Press, 2000.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 15 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>Rosnay (de), J., L\u2019homme symbiotique, Seuil, Paris, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>Teilhard de Chardin, P. Le Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne humain, Seuil, Paris, 1955.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064e \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0650 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a biosph\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. . (\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/chardin_teilhard_de\/phenomene_humain\/tdc_pheno.pdf\">http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/chardin_teilhard_de\/phenomene_humain\/tdc_pheno.pdf<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)).<\/p>\n<p>Vandendorpe, C. Du papyrus \u00e0 l\u2019hypertexte. Essai sur les mutations du texte et de la lecture, \u00c9ditions du Bor\u00e9al-\u00c9ditions de la D\u00e9couverte, Montr\u00e9al-Paris, 1999<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u00ab\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u062a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064f \u0628\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2","category-8"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=448"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/midouza.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}