«الأدب» تحديدا هو ما «يُقرأ»، أو على الأقل هو ما اعتدنا على «قراءته» حتى الآن في شكل مطبوع في كتب، ولكنه أيضا ما بدأ «يُعرَضُ» منذ مستهل ثمانينيات القرن الماضي على شاشات حواسيب، ومن ثمة فهو أيضا شيء أخذَ «يُبدَعُ» و«يُشاهَدُ» الآن على أجهزة العرض البصري للتجهيزات التكنولوجية الجديدة.
مع ذلك، وهذا غالبا ما يتم جهله أو تجاهله، فقد شرع الإبداع الأدبي في الاهتمام منذ وقت مبكر جدا باستعمال المعلوماتية وأجهزة الكمبيوتر. ففي عام 1959، أنشأ ريمون كينو وفرانسوا لوليونيه في فرنسا حلقة دراسية قصيرة بعنوان «حلقة الأدب التجريبي» سرعان ما تحولت في عام 1960 إلى ما أطلِق عليه اسمُ «الأوليبو OULIPO»، أي «ورشة من أجل الأدب الاحتمالي»، وكانت تودُّ الاهتمام بالموارد التي يمكن أن تنطوي عليها «آلات معالجة المعلومات» الجديدة التي كان يُترَدَّدُ آنذاك في تسميتها بالـ«حواسيب». في غضون ذلك، كان نظمُ أولى الأبيات الشعرية الإلكترونية قد تمَّ تاريخيا باللغة الألمانية في مدينة شتوتغارد بألمانيا على يد ثيو لوتز. أما باللغة الفرنسية فلم يتحقق الأمر نفسه إلا في عام 1964، وذلك في كندا بكيبيك، في مونتريال تحديدا، من لدن مهندس اسمه جان أ. بادو، صار بعد ذلك أستاذا للمعلوماتية بجامعة مونتريال.
أما أولى العروض العمومية لـ «البرمجيات الأدبية» (أي برامج معلوماتية مصمَّمة لإبداع أعمال أدبية) المصمَّمَة بالفرنسية فلم تقدَّم إلا في عام 1975، في بروكسيل، ببلجيكا، تحت رعاية الأوليبو، خلال معرض «أوروباليا Europalia». بعد ذلك، في سنة 1986، تمَّ عرضُ أولى محاولات النشر التِّليماتيكي، في مركز جورج بومبيدو بباريس، خلال معرض حول «المجرَّدات». كان ذلك زمن الرواد وزمن التجارب الأولى في هذا الباب.
وقد تطور هذا الوضع خلال الفترة الموالية مع إنشاء مجلتين إلكترونيتين منتظمتي الصُّدور، هما alire التي صدرت عام 1989 و KAOS التي صدرت من 1990 إلى 1994. وفي عام 1994 أيضا أطلقت دار النشر الإلكترونية إلياس Ilias سلسلة مولدات نصوص اسمها «توليد Génération»، لتظهر أخيرا أولى تخييلات «النص التشعبي» (على أقراص مرنة أو مدمجة) مثل «حُدود متقيّأة» لجان ماري بيلوكان في عام 1995 و«20% حب زائدة» لفرانسوا كولون في عام 1996. وفي سنة 1989 أصدرت جمعية LAIRE (قراءة، فن، تجديد، بحث وتجريب Lecture, Art, Innovation, Recherche et Expérimentation) أول مجلة فرنسية للشعر الإلكتروني، هي مجلة alire التي صار اسمُها فيما بعدُ MOTS-VOIR. وقد كانت alire إلى حدود عام 1997 المجلة الطليعية الوحيدة من نوعها عبر العالم. وفي سنة 1997 نفسها، أنتجت المجلة الفرنسية Doc(k)s بالاشتراك مع مجلة alire أوَّل قرص مُدمَج تحت عنوان «قصائد وبضع رسائل»، كما صدر في هولندة، في التاريخ نفسه تقريبا، قرص آخر مُدمَج على يد مؤلف آخر اسمه باتريك-هنري بيرغود. وفي عام 1994 أيضا، صدرتْ أول حكاية تفاعلية أو «خيال تشعبي»، بعنوان «شذرات حكاية» لجان-ماري لافاي، في قرص مُدمج وُزِّعَ مجانا، وأعادت مجلة alire نشر تلك الحكاية نفسها في عددها الثامن عام 1996.
ولكن التأسيس الفعلي لنوع أدبي جديد، هو «الخيال النصي التشعبي» الذي يسمى أيضا بـ «الخيال التفاعلي» أو «الرواية التفاعلية»، كما يجري استعماله، سيتحقق عبرَ إصدارين على حساب المؤلف. الأول هو «حدود متقيأة» لجان ماري بيلوكان في عام 1995، وصدر في قرص مرن، والثاني هو «20% حب زائدة» لفرنسوا كولون في عام 1996، وصدر في قرص مدمَج. قياسا إلى ما سبق، ظل المسرحُ الفرنسي غائبا عن الساحة مع أنَّ أول «دراما تفاعلية» كانت قد صدرت منذ عام 1997 تحت عنوان «الزمن القذر» من تأليف فرانك ديتور وجاكي شيفو وجيل أرمانيتي.
وإذاً، فثمة أدب جديد بصدد النشأة، ولكن تسمياته غير مؤكَّدَة. هل هو أدب «إلكتروني» أم «سيبرنطيقي» أم «تكنولوجي» أم «وسائطي» أم «وسائط- تشعبي» أم «مختلط الوسائط»، أم «معلوماتي»؟ تتعدد التسميات والأوصاف التي تعكس الطبيعة الأصيلة والتجديدية لهذه الأشكال الإبداعية التجريبية المعاصرة، وهو تعدد يترجمُ عدم اطمئنان الملاحظين تجاه ظاهرة تبدو غريبة كليا عن المقولات والفئات الأدبية المعروفة. ومع ذلك، فبملازمة هذه التجليات الأولى يتضح أن أشكالا جديدة من الكتابة الوسائطية قد بدأت في الظهور، ما يفيد أن الأدب لم يعد هو ما يُنشر بالكتب فقط، بل هناك الآن «أدب» ذو طبيعة جديدة، لا يمكن اكتشافه واستكشافه والاستمتاع به بدون جهاز حاسوب فضلا عن أنَّ هذا الأدب نفسه لا يمكنُ أن يوجَد بدون وسيط معلوماتي. وهنا أين تكمن المفارقة. ثمَّ، ما هو هذا الإسهام الثوري التي تقدمه التكنولوجيات الجديدة؟ ماذا عن هذا الأدب الناشئ؟ إلى أي حدِّ تنطوي هذه التجارب، من الشعر إلى الرواية، مرورا بالدراما، على نهج أصيل ناجم عن استخدام المعلوماتية؟ ماذا يمكن أن نستنتج من مادة هذه التجارب المفضلة، وهي «النصوص»، ومن مقاربتها المفضلة وهي «التفاعل» مع الحاسوب، وأخيرا ماذا يمكن أن نستنتج من إعادة اكتشافها بالخصوص لما بدأ يُطلقُ عليه اصطلاح «الكِتَاءَة »؟
- المادة: النص
تتغير مجموع عناصر المادة و«النص»، أو نسيجُ الكلمات وترتيبُ أجزاء الكلام التي تشتغل عليها الكتابة الأدبية، إذ بمجرد ما يتم إبداعُ «النص» أو نقله على جهاز حاسوب يصبح كيانا مختلفا، وجديدا، ومتقلبا، ومتنقلا، وسريع الزوال. وعلى هذه الجوانب الجديدة الفريدة، المتغيرة والمتحركة «للنصوص»، سوف يشتغل المؤلفون شعراء وروائيين، سواء تعلق الأمر بكلمات النص أو بدَّواله أو بدلالاته الرمزية.
وبانتقال الكلمات أو عناصر اللغة المكتوبة التي يتألف منها العمل الأدبي، شعرا كان أو رواية، إلى شاشة الحاسوب، فإنها تصبحُ مختلفة كليا عما تكون عليه في صفحة الكتاب، إذ تظهر في الشاشة على شكل متتالية من الحروف الطباعية المتحركة التي يستطيع المؤلفون حسب مشيئتهم أن يجعلوها ثابتة كما في النص الورقي أو يجعلونها، على العكس، حية ومتحركة وغير مستقرة على نحو غير متوقع. فكتَّابٌ أمثال فرانسوا كولون في عمله «20% حب زائدة» أو جان ماري بيلوكان في عمله حدُود «مُتقيأة» يميلان إلى مُلازمة التقليد في كتاباتهم التخييلية التفاعلية، ما يجعل نصوصهم تبقى ثابتة، تظهرُ أو تختفي من مقطع إلى آخر على مدى تلمُّس القراء لسُبل قراءتها. وفي المقابل، يُفضل شعراءٌ أمثال تيبور باب، وكلود ميارد، وفريديريك فيلاي، أو فيليب بوتز، وباتريك هُنري، أن يشتغلوا بالأخصّ على الكلمات، فيرجُّونَها ويعبثون بها، يحولونها ويمسَخونَها إلى أن تصير كيانات غريبة ومُربكة، تُحركُها حياتها الخاصة بها. كما يفضلُ آخرون، أمثال جان بيير بالب في عمله «غواية طانطال» وباتريس زانا في قصيدته «مناظر طبيعية بلا ظلال» أو ماري إتيان في «النزوح من قرية»، مُحاولةَ استعمال الكلمات في أشكال كتابة تُسمَّى «مُولَّدة بالحاسوب»، وتَكون في بعض الأحيان نثرا شعريا على نحو ما يتضحُ في مولدات الحكايات ومُركِّباتها في سلسلة «توليد Génération» الصادرة عن دار إلياس للنشر الإلكتروني.
أما الدَّوال، أي المواد اللغوية الملموسة المستعمَلة، فتمضي من وحداتها الأوَّلية جدا، وهي صورة حرف هجائي أو هجائي رقمي، حتى العرض الطباعي البصري لجملة أو فقرة أو صفحة نص على الشاشة. وهذا النوع هو ما حاوَلُ تيبور باب أو باتريك هنري بيغود استكشافه في إبداعاتهما. وتصبحُ هذه المواد و«العلامات» مصدر تجارب كثيرة حول التطابقات الرمزية واللغوية والدلالية والفكرية، أو حتى الوجدانية، التي يعمل عليها الكتاب الآن لاستكشاف ما قد يكون مصدرا لهذه المعاني وآثارها، وهذا ما يميل تيبور باب إلى القيام به في عمله «ساعات الحاسوب الثرية» أو فيليب بوتز في قصيدته «قُصاصات مُعدمة». على الكتَّاب أن يكونوا فطنين ويقظين.
والدلالات والمعاني التي تُمنَحُ للعلامات السابقة تصيرُ بدورها موضوعا للتفكير والإبداع. ففي قصيدة «تراتيل للمرأة والحظ» لفيليب بوتز و«قصائد عشق خالد» لجان بيير بالب كما في «20 % حب زيادة» لفرانسوا كولون، يتم استعمال العناصر التي يُوفرُهَا تدخل المؤلف والحاسوب معا لتحويلها إلى عدد من الأدوات والإيحاءات. يتعلق الأمر بتحفيز خيال القراء كي يَحضُرَ في ذاكرتهم ووجدانهم كونٌ متخيل غير مُحدَّد، مُركَّب ومفتوح إلى ما لا نهاية، وغني بلعب هذه التطابقات الرمزية الحُرّ… وبذلك تتحوَّلُ المواد الأساسية لاشتغال الأدب، أي ما لا زال يُطلق عليه اسمُ «النصّ». لا تتحول فقط على صعيد تقني عبر تغيير «وضعيتها» أو حالتها، إذ تصير المفردات والعلامات اللغوية أو الكلامية وما يُشكل الدوالَّ والدلالات المتناقضة، يصيرُ كل ذلك طيِّعا وقابلا للانقسام إلى ما لانهاية، إذ تتحول في الواقع إلى رموز ذات طبيعة شعرية جديدة، «matérique»، أي مادية وفكرية وروحية في آن، حسب التعبير الجديد الذي ابتكره فيليب كاستلان، وهو أحد منشطي المجلة الفرنسية Doc(k)s، في أطروحته الجامعية التي ناقشها في باريس سنة 1997 حول تاريخ الأشكال ومعنى الأبحاث الشعرية المعاصرة. تحصلُ هذه «النصوص» على بُعدٍ وسُمكٍ «مادي فكري» ورمزي جديد، كثيف بهذا القدر أو ذاك، مركَّب بهذا القدر أو ذاك اعتمادا على احتمالين:
أ) اختزالُ هذه النصوص في بعض الملفوظات أو بعض الجمل، كما نجد في القصائد المتحركة التي نشرتها مجلة alire؛
ب) أو جعلها، على العكس، تتكاثرُ فتصبحُ عدة مئات أو آلاف من الصفحات بنسخ مختلفة، في حالة المحكي التفاعلي أو الرواية التوليدية.
وبذلك يُلحق الحاسوبُ تحوّلا جذريا ليس بموضوع الأدب فحسب، بل وكذلك بأداته المفضلة وهي «النصوص» و«العلامات»، و بالتالي بطريقة مقاربتها في آن واحد.
- المقاربة: التفاعـل
بمجرَّد استعمال نظام لمعالجة المعلومات، تتحوَّلُ العلاقةُ مع المواد المذكورة أعلاه بفعل المقاربة، وهي «التفاعل» بين الحاسوب ومستخدمه. فالحاسوب ليس آلة خاملة، بل هو على العكس أداة إبداع نشطة، لاسيما بعد أن صارت له شاشة في بداية عام 1980، إذ يُنفذ مُعالَجات، ويعدل النصوص، ويحوِّل الأعمال، ومن ثمة فهو يُمدِّدُ النشاط الإبداعي ولا يعيقه. كما يُجدِّدُ العمل الإبداعي ويضيف إليه بُعدا جديدا لم يعرفه الأدب من قبل. وهذا «الابتكار» في مجال الفن والقراءة والبحث والكتابة هو ما قرَّر استكشافَه مؤسسو جمعية L.A.I.R.E في فرنسا، وهم كلود مايارد وتيبور باب وفيليب بوتز وجان ماري دوتيه وفريديريك دُ فيلاي، منذ عام 1989، عندما جعلوا إصدارهم الجديد «مجلة متحركة» تتألف من «كتابات إلكترونية المصدر» كما يقول عنوانها الفرعي. لذلك، أصبح هذا الابتكار طريقة جديدة لتشغيل وإدارة وتوليد النصوص التي يتم تقديمها باعتبارها أعمالا أدبية غير مسبوقة، وذلك حسب مستوى المؤلفين والمبدعين المعنيين.
يتحدَّدُ وجودُ هذا الأدب بكيفية مسبقة ومباشرة بتنفيذ الحاسوب واشتغاله، حيثُ لا يوجد هذا الشعر وهذه الروايات وهذه الدرامات وهذه المتخيَّلات التفاعلية في أي مكان خارج الحاسوب، إذ يتم إنشاء كل شيء في الواقع خلال «تنفيذ» برنامج للكتابة الإبداعية يحمل عدة تسميات:
– «برنامج معلوماتي لإنتاج النصوص الأدبية»، وهو الاصطلاح الذي تبناه بول برافورد والجمعية الفرنسية ALAMO؛
– «مُركِّب »، وهذا الاصطلاح إلى جانب Sintex هو من اقتراح مؤلفين برتغاليين أمثال بيدرو باربوصا وأليبيو كافالهيرو؛
– «مولِّد »، وهي التسمية التي يطلقها عليه جان بيير بالب؛
– وأخيرا «النص التشعبي» عند فرانسوا كولون وجان ماري بيلُّوكان مثلا.
في جميع الحالات، تُصنَعُ «النصوص» في لحظة ظهورها على الشاشة، ومن ثمة يكون الحاسوب هو واسطتها الأساسية. لا يستطيع أي أحد على الإطلاق أن يصل إلى النصوص ما لم يتوفر على المعدات المعلوماتية أو التكنولوجيا اللازمة. وعلى العكس، لا يوجد هذا الأدب في أي مكان آخر خارج جهاز الحاسوب الذي لا يحتفظ بالحالات النهائية للنصوص الأدبية وإنما بمبادئها التأسيسية. وقد وقع نقل جذري في تصور عملية الإبداع الأدبي ذاتها على نحو ما يشرحُ ذلك جيدا الكتيب المرفَق بكل عدد من أعداد مجلة alire منذ عام 1989. وكما هو الحال في الموسيقى، فقد أصبح «التنفيذ» أو «التشغيل» كامنا في وجود هذه الأعمال الأدبية التجديدية.
وتصيرُ السمة الأساسية لهذا الأدب الفريد هي التحريك والدينامية على نحو ما يستطيع الحاسوبُ إنتاجهما أو خلق الانطباع بهما. تعرِّف مجلة الشعر الإلكتروني alire نفسَها بأنها أوَّلا وقبل كل شيء منشور دوري، ويوضح عنوانها الفرعي بأنها «مصدر متحرك». ينصب التركيز على الزَّخم، على الحياة والحركة، وعلى الطبيعة القصيرة والزائلة لهذه الإبداعات التي لا توجد إلا لحظة ظهورها وعرضها على الشاشة، وهي لحظة هاربة جدا. هكذا يُظهر القرص المدمَج «قصائد وبضعة رسائل» لباتريك-هنري بيرغود، الصادر عام 1997، كيف يُمكن الآن «كتابة» «قصائد متحركة» تتألف من أصوات وأجواء موسيقية وكلمات مسجَّلة وألوان وحروف متحرِّكة.
تُحاولُ عملية توليد نص ما وإنشائه من لا شيء استكشاف هذه الإمكانات إلى أقصى الحدود. ومبدأُ هذا الشكل من أشكال الأدب الإلكترونية الذي يسمى «الأدب المولَّد بالحاسوب» هو إبداعُ نصوص فريدة وجديدة في كل مرة. من أمثلتها نص «غياب غير مألوف» لتيبور باب و«سيرة ذاتية أو قصائد حب خالد» لجان بيير بالب، و «قوافي» لبرنار مانييه أو «حكايات جرائم» لكريستوف بيتشاناتز. في نهاية المطاف، وعلى نحو ما حاول أن يقومَ به فليب بوتز، لا يصنعُ المولِّدُ أبدا سوى «قصيدة لكي تُقرأ مرة واحدة»، أي «قصيدة» يستحيل أن نقرأها مرتين. في هذا الاتجاه، قد يكون هذا الأدب قد بلغ أحد حدوده القصوى.
مع «التفاعلية» أو «التفاعل» يلاحظُ أنَّ مقاربة الأدب تتحول جذريا. فمن الـ «كتابات متحركة المصدر» إلى الأعمال الخيالية أو الدرامية «التفاعلية» هناك أدب جديد وأعمال جديدة، ودينامية حركية، عابرة هاربة، بعيدة المنال، بصدد النشأة في الشاشات، تَنتُجُ إما عن تنفيذ برنامج معلوماتي لإنتاج أعمال أدبية أو عن تحريك نص إلكتروني أو عن توليد الحاسوب لقصيدة شعرية أو قطعة حكاية. بهذا المعنى، يصبح الأدب التفاعلي شيئا آخر وتصير الكتابة، باعتبارها فعله المؤسِّسُ، عملا أو حركة متبادلة حيثُ العلاقات بين المؤلف والنص والقارئ بداخلها آخذة في التغيير.
- الاكتشاف: الكتاءة:
الاكتشاف هو «الكِتَاءَة»، أي تداخل ومزج – بل وحتى انصهار – نشاطي «القراءة» و«الكتابة» في فعل واحد. هذا هو الكشف الرئيسي الذي أظهرته هذه الأشكال التجديدية للإبداع الأدبي. هذه الظاهرة حديثة، إذ تمت أولى أشكال الوعي بها ومحاولات صياغتها في البرتغال، في بداية 1970، مع بيدرو باربوصا، ونُشرتْ لاحقا في كتاب صدر عام 1996، في لشبونة، عن منشورات كوزموس تحت عنوان: «الأدب السيبرنطيقي (أو السيبراني)». بعد ذلك، قدم تلك الملاحظات أيضا باحثون أمثال أورلاندو كارينيو رودريغيس-ماريبونة في إسبانيا، عام 1991، في أطروحة له حول«تكنولوجيات الإعلام الجديدة والإبداع الأدبي»، ناقشها في جامعة «Computense». بمدريد. وقد جاءت تأكيدات أخرى وشهادات، منذ بداية أعوام التسعينيات، من مؤلفين مختلفين وشعراء وحتى من أوائل النقاد، حول هذا التحول في تصور ما نسميه بـ «الأدب»، لاسيما في مكوناته الأساسية الثلاثة، وهي «القراءة» و«الكتابة» ثم «إعادة الكتابة».
إذا كانت القراءة هي هذا الفعل الذي نكتشف به نصا ما ونفهمه ونُؤوِّلُه، فإنه لم يعد بالإمكان أن نتصورها بالطريقة نفسها التي كنا نتصورها بها من قبل. صحيح أنَّ الحاسوب هو جهاز للقراءة، ولكنه يتوفر على شاشة «للعرض البصري»، ومن ثمة فالنص الذي يُعرض على الشاشة «يُبصَرُ» أوَّلا باعتباره «صورة» قبل أن «يُقرأ» بوصفه «نصا». وعلى هذا الغموض وازدواجية مظهر النصوص الجديد يشتغل شعراء مثل فيليب بوتز وباتريك هنري بيرغود، وروائيون أوائل مثل فرانسوا كولون. فهم يصممون أوَّلا «نصوصا مبصورة« ، وبعد ذلك «نصوصا مقروءة»، والاصطلاحان لفيليب بوتز. من أمثلتها قصيدة «موجات البحر [التي] ترقص على نشيد الأحجار» لبيير بيرغود، و«إلى شظايا مصروعة» لفيليب بوتز. في نهاية المطاف، وكما يلاحظُ فيليب كاستلان بصدد مجلة Doc(k)s، لم يعد «النص» المقروء هو المصدر الوحيد للوَقْع الشعري، بل على العكس ما يهيمنُ أو يحظى بالأولوية هو «صورته» أو الصورة التي يندرجُ فيها.
وباعتبار الكتابة فعل تحرير جملة أو فقرة أو نص على الشاشة وتدوينها، فهي ستستخدمُ بدورها موارد هذه الشاشة بإدخال آثار الانبجاس والتضاعف والانفجار والصمت والتبعثر والدوران على نحو محدَّد أو عشوائي لا يستطيع المؤلف أن يتوقع طبيعته مُسبقا. تتحول سيرورة الكتابة نحو النبع إذ يُحدِّدُ المؤلف قواعد الكتابة التي سوف يقوم الحاسوب بتنفيذها، وبذلك لم يعد المؤلف يكتب النص النهائي الذي يُعرَض على الشاشة أو المطبوع الذي سيقرأه القارئ، بل هذا القارئ على العكس هو من سيبني مسار القراءة الذي سيجتازه. ويمكن أن تصبح هذه السيرورة موضوع تصوير رمزي، كما الحال في نص «اعتداء» لجان ماري دوتي، حيثُ تُعرضُ الكلمات المكونة للنص على الشاشة داخل ألواح مُربعة. وبظهور طيف القارئ (الخيالي بالتأكيد) على هذا اللوح النصي، ومُشاهدته من أعلى، وتوالي حركاته إلى الأمام وإلى الوراء، إلى اليمين أو اليسار، اعتمادا على حركة القارئ الحقيقي وتدخلاته عبر أزرار لوحة المفاتيح، يتغيَّرُ ترتيب ظهور الكلمات. في هذا المثال، تمَّ تصميم التفاعلية باعتبارها استنساخا لفعل للحياة اليومية حقيقي ملموس، وتنقلات القارئ الفاعل نفسُها هي التي تحدد بناء النص.
إذا كانت إعادة الكتابة هي فعل مراجعة نص ما لتعديله، إما باستبدال كلمات أو بإدراج مقاطع جمل أو بتعديل قواعد الكتابة السابقة نزولا عند إرادة القارئ وتلبية لحرية تصرفه، فإنها تصبح جانبا تكميليا وربما أساسيا للقراءة والكتابة. يمكن للقارئ أن يحصل على استقلال معين للإبداع، ولأجل ذلك يكفي أن يقبل الكاتبُ تفويض جزء من سلطة إبداعه للنص النهائي. وبذلك تصير الكتابة «تنويعية»، كما يقول بيدرو باربوصا، إذ يكتفي المؤلف بتحديد مَا يُعادل تصميما، وتهييء إمكانية أن يزيد القارئ «تنويعات» على «موضوعة» عامة، أي سائر التنويعات أو النسخ الممكنة للـ «نص» الأوَّلي الواحد الذي يمكن في بعض الأحيان أن تغيِّرَ القراءة نسيجه نفسه، وبذلك لا يكف النص عن التحوّل. وهذا أيضا تصور مختلف للمتخيل بصدد التشكل، على نحو ما تؤكده هذه الأبيات التي أنتجها الحاسوب بتدخل من قارئ، اسمه أرنو جيلو، انطلاقا من تشغيل قصيدة «أسئلة حب وشعر» لهنري دلوي وجان بيير بالب:
«أتخلل الحلمَ؛ ينفتح نصف السَّماء
«حلمٌ يَحرقُ: المطر المثلَّج
«أزرقٌ على الصفحة البيضاء
«هكذا وجدتكم على الدَّوام
«خوَّافين مما قد
«لا يعرف الجنون. كنتم تحبون
«كثيرا؛ تمَّ العثور على الجنون:
«وكان الجنونُ حاجة
«طالما أحببتم. عشتُم
«في عالم متغطرس، حيث
«كانت الحياةُ آلـة»
لقد كان «إبداعُ» هذه القصيدة نتيجة عمل مزدوج قام به مؤلف أصلي (بل وحتى اثنان، هما هنري دلوي، وجان بيير بالب)، وقارئ محظوظ (أرنو جيلو)، بواسطة برنامج وحاسوب، ومن ثمة فحبُّ الشعر فيها يجرُّ «الكِتَاءَة» نحو عالم غريب يثير العديد من الأسئلة، ليس أقلها ما يتعلق بهذا المدح المتناقض الذي يتغنى به الحاسوب تجاه الغضب والإلهام الشعريين! يُمكن أن نسوق أمثلة أخرى عديدة، ولكن المثال السابق كاف لإدراك كيف حوَّل «التفاعل» فعل الإبداع إلى فعل «إبداع مشترك»، أي إلى إبداع متقاسم، جماعي ومركَّب.
ثمة ثورة فكرية وجمالية وأدبية بصدد التحقق. فمفاهيم «النص» و«المؤلف» و«القارئ» التي كانَ يُعتقَدُ أنها ثابتة هي الآن تتصدَّع وتتقطَّع. لا يهم كثيرا أن تكون طبيعة المحاولات التي سعينا إلى تتبعها لازالت غير مؤكدة أو غير مكتملة، فما يبدو من خلالها هو أن مفهوم الأدب نفسه والأفعال المؤسِّسَة له هما الآن بصدد التحول في نهاية القرن العشرين التي نعيش. وأفعال القراءة والكتابة وإعادة الكتابة التي كان يُنظر إليها إلى وقت حديث بأنها أنشطة منفصلة هي الآن تميلُ إلى الانصهار في فعل واحد أو عملية مثالية واحدة هي «الكِتَاءة» التي يبدو أنَّ ما يُسمَّى بـ «الأدب» يجد فيها اكتماله. هنا يكمن أول إسهام لتلك التجارب الإبداعية مهما كانت متواضعة.
إذا كان الأدب حقا هو ما «يُقرأ» فإن هذه التجارب الأولى تظهر أن المعلوماتية لا توفر للأدباء طريقة واحدة للإبداع، بل طرائق عديدة وأصيلة. وهو ما حاولت مجلات مثل alire أو KAOS أن تعرِّفَ به منذ عام 1989 في الشعر مع شعراء مثل باتريك هنري يبرغود وكلود ميلارد وجان ماري دوتي وتيبور باب أو فيليب بوتز، وما اقترحته أقراصٌ نُشرت في أقراص مُدمجة، مثل «قصائد وبضع رسائل»، أو ما حاولت أن توضِّحَه مجلات مثل Doc(k)s وalire. هو أيضا ما حاولت سلسلة «توليد» الصادرة عن دار النشر إلياس أن تكشف عنه في مجال توليد النصوص منذ 1994 بقيادة جان بيير بالب (ومدير هذه الدار للنشر إيفان غافريلوف). أخيرا، ذلك هو ما حاولت أولى الروايات التفاعلية استكشافه منذ 1994، سواء منها «مقاطع من قصة حب» لجان ماري لافاي و«20 % حب زيادة» لفرانسوا كولون أو «حدود متقيَّأة» لجان ماري بيلوكان، وذلك في انتظار أعمال فريدة قد تأتي بها أيضا في المستقبل دراماتٌ تفاعلية مماثلة لـ «الزمن القذر» لفرانك ديفور وجاكي سيفو وجيل أرمانيتي. لا تعدو هذه المحاولات مجرَّد تباشير، ومن المحتمل أن يكون أدب الغد الإلكتروني على الأقل أكثر غنى وتنوعا من أدب الأمس الورقي.
تكمن هذه الأصالة بالخصوص في الطريقة التي يتم بها إعادة النظر في «النص» أو المادة المفضلة للإبداع الأدبي، وهي ما يُسمى بـ «التفاعل» أو «التفاعلية»، بمعنى «الحوار» الذي يقوم بين الحاسوب والمستخدِم أو «القارئ» لدى استخدام الكمبيوتر لأغراض إبداعية. ربما هنا يقعُ اكتشاف رئيسي تحقق على مرحلتين:
الأولى على صعيد نظري مغرق في التجريد، بدأت منذ مستهل أعوام 1960 مع التأمل التأسيسي لجماعة «الأوليبو»، والثانية شديدة الوضوح، تجلت منذ بداية أعوام 1990 مع العديد من البحوث التي تركز أغلبها حول مجلة alire.
في هاتين المحطتين الطليعيتين، أخذ وعيٌ جذري في التشكل، وهو أنّ «الأدب» لم يعد هو «الأدب» تماما، إذ جرت قطيعة، وما كان في السابق يُنظر إليه باعتباره «أدبا» هو يميلُ الآن إلى شرعنة أشكال إبداعية جديدة تجريبية «إلكترونية» لا زال يتعين تحديدُ وضعها الاعتباري. هذا الأدب الناشئ في الواقع هو أساسا رمزي، وافتراضي واحتمالي. صار «الأدب» عند هؤلاء المؤلفين يعني سيرورة دينامية، وعمل إعادة ابتكار. تتحقق وعودُه عندما يُعيد القارئ كتابته، من جهة، ولكونه يقبل إعادة الكتابة من جهة أخرى. ومعنى هذا أنَّ «القارئ» لم يعد قارئا بالمعنى التقليدي للكلمة، بل صار «كاتئا»، أي شخصا يقرأ كي يكتب ويعيد كتابة ما يقرأ ليعيد قراءة نفسه في عملية إبداعية لا نهاية لها لأن «المؤلِّف» قبِلَ أن يفوِّض له جزءا من قدرته الإبداعية بفضل الحاسوب. وإذاً، فكل شيء يتحول في هذا النهج الجديد. وبهذا الفعل للـ «الكتاءة» أو هذا الفعل المعيد للتأسيس يُحرز الأدب على بُعد إضافي، وتنكشف تدريجيا ثرواته وطاقاته التي كان قد استشعرها شعراء أمثال ستيفان مالارميه أو ريمون كينو.
فما توقعه وجربه واكتشفه في أوروبا، منذ عام 1959، روادٌ أمثال ريمون كينو وفرانسوا لوليوني في فرنسا وإيطالو كالفينو وأمبرتو إيكو في إيطاليا وبيدرو باربوصا وأبيليو كافالهيرو في البرتغال وهاري ماتيوس أو ألان أيكبورن في أنجلترا، ما توقعه كل أولئك يُبشر الآن بما يمكن أن تصيرَ إليه في الغد، في القرن XXI، هذه الكتابة الجديدة أو الأدب «الوسائط تشعبي» أو«المختلط الوسائط». وأمثلة الشعر الإلكتروني التي أشرنا إليها، وأولى المحكيات أو الروايات التفاعلية التي ذكرناها، وأولى محاولات كتابة درامات تفاعلية التي أوردناها، كلها هي نوع من فجر تلك الكتابة ووعدُها، بل وفي بعض منها هي أيضا طرق مسدودة مسبقا. وزخمها سيندفعُ حقا يومَ سيعثُرُ هذا النوع من الأدب الذي لازال هامشيا ليس على مؤلفيه فحسب، بل وكذلك على ناشريه وقرائه والمعجبين به ونقاده.
ترجمة: محمد أسليـم
محاضرة ألقيت في نادي لوبين بالبرازيل، بريو دي جانيرو، يوم الجمعة 21 مارس 1999، وصدر في مجلة EPI، ع. 94، يونيو 1999.
ألان فيلمان Alain Vuillemin
أستاذ الأدب المقارن
مدير مركز الدراسات والأبحاث حول النصوص الإلكترونية الأدبية
جامعة أرتواس (فرنسا)
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– Castellin (Philippe): Doc(k)s: mode d’emploi. Histoire, formes et sens des poésies expérimentales contemporaines, Paris, Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), 1997.
– Magné (Bernard): Comptines, in KAOS n°2, 1992.
– Petchanaz (Christophe): Crimes, in KAOS n°2, 1992.
. Bootz (Philippe): Passages, in A:Littérature?, Villeneuve d’Ascq, CIRCAV-GERICO-MOTS-VOIR, 1994.
– Barbosa (Pedro): A Ciberliteratura Criaçâo literaria e Computador, Lisboa, Ed. Cosmos, 1996.
– Carreno Rodriguez-Maribona (Orlando): Nuevas Tecnologias de la informacion y creacion literaria, Madrid, Universidad Complutense, 1991.
– Burgaud (Patrick-Henri): Les Vagues de la mer dansent au chant des pierres, in alire n°8, novembre 1994.
– Dutey (Jean-Marie): Voies de Fait, in alire n°2, décembre 1989.
– Deluy (Henri) et Balpe (Jean-Pierre): Questions d’amour et de poésie, in KAOS n°3, 1993.
– Oulipo: La Littérature potentielle, Paris, Gallimard, 1973, et Atlas de Littérature potentielle. Paris, Ga
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