أن تكون مؤلفا ومنظرا متعدد الوسائط في يوم ما، ثم تصبح كاتبا في اليوم التالي، هذا هو المنطلق الذي سأحاول عبره التعبير قدر الإمكان عن أوجه الاختلاف بين هذين التخصصين، من جهة، ومحاولة صياغة تعريف للأدب الرقمي من جهة أخرى. وبما أنني أفترض أن القارئ على دراية جيدة بماهية الأدب وبالإشكالات الكثيرة التي يثيرها تعريفه، سأتيح للجميع فرصة التمسك بموقفه، والحفاظ على فكرته تجاه هذه القضية. ولما كان الأدب الرقمي يتميز بكونه مجالا جديدا، عكس مجال الأدب، فسأحاول تحديد ما سنتحدث عنه عبر الإجابة عن هذا السؤال البسيط: ما هو الأدب الرقمي؟
من تخاطر الأفكار إلى النص التشعبي
يمكننا تعريف الأدب الرقمي بطريقة افتراضية، وهي أنه لا يمكن أن يتحقق كتابة وقراءة دون استخدام جهاز الحاسوب، حيث يخضع فعلا القراءة والكتابة لضرورة استعمال وسيلة واحدة، وهذه خاصية فريدة في مجال الفنون، في الوقت الراهن، من حيث إنها تضع المرسل والمرسل إليه في وضعية واحدة تقريبًا، وهي ضرورة وجود جهاز حاسوب لإبداع عمل أدبي رقمي وتلقيه على السواء. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن يكون حاسوب القراءة متوافقا مع جهاز الكتابة.
هكذا، نرى أن واجهة التلقي، وهي الشاشة، لا تُؤخذ بعين الاعتبار في هذه المحاولة لتعريف الأدب الرقمي، لأننا لا نعرف ما يخبئه لنا المستقبل! إذ يمكننا أن نتخيل جيدا أدبا رقميا يُكتب على الحائط، أو على سطح نظاراتنا، أو في الهواء بأبعاد ثلاثية. فما يهم هنا هو ما يقوم عليه هذا الأدب، وكيفية معالجة المعلومات وسِعَة التخزين في شكل بيانات رقمية. هكذا واجتنابا للاستطراد حول هذه النقطة، يمكن القول إن الأدب الرقمي هو أدب نشأ مع المعلوماتية، ويُقرأ حاليا في الشاشة، وبالتالي فهو شكل فني حديث جدا.
يمكننا بالتأكيد أن نجد إرهاصاته[1] في محاولات كسر العرض الثابت للنصوص من كتاب التحولات للصيني[2] Yi King إلى أدب اللزوميات عند جماعة الأوليبو[3] (ورشة الأدب الاحتمالي Oulipo)، وهي محاولات وجدت على الدوام بالموازاة مع تيار يهيمن فيه النص الثابت الذي لا يقبل المساس به. فالنص مادة قابلة للاشتغال عليها وإعادة الاشتغال بقدر أكبر من الحرية بكثير مما قد يحملنا على اعتقاده التقليد المطبعي، إذ تتسع مشاركة القارئ داخل النص الرقمي أكثر فأكثر.
ولكن دعونا نستمر في محاولتنا لتعريف الأدب الرقمي.
إذا كان الأدب الرقمي يحتاج إلى جهاز حاسوب من أجل الكتابة والقراءة، فهذا يعني أننا نقصي في هذا التعريف كل المؤلفات التي تُكتبُ بالحاسوب ثم تُنقل إلى الورق، إذ لا يتم استخدام الحاسوب، في كتابة نصوص أدبية رقمية، بصفته آلة لتحرير النصوص. وما يعنينا، في المقابل، هو قدرات هذا الحاسوب على المعالجة الديناميكية للمعلومة، لا سيما بكل ما يتعلق بفهرسة الوثائق. هذا الجمع بين عنصرين منفصلين عبر رابط واحد يسهل التعامل معه هو الابتكار الكبير الذي جاءت به تكنولوجيا المعلومات في العقود الأخيرة.
للحديث عن النص التشعبي Hypertexte لابد من العودة إلى جذوره التي تعود إلى ما قبل أن تسمح التكنولوجيا الرقمية بتحقيقه. ففي عام 1945، تصور العالِم الأمريكي فانيفار بوش[4] Vannevar Bush، إمكانية تسهيل العمل الفكري إلى حد كبير بحيثُ إذا تمَّ التمكن من فهرسة الوثائق بسهولة، واستشارتها عند الطلب، عبر استخدام آلةٍ تصوَّر بوش إمكانية اختراعها وأطلق عليها اسم الـ «ميمكس Memex»[5]، إذ يستطيع هذا الجهاز، حسب بوش، أن يتتبع نشاط العقل الإنساني الذي يعمل وفق التخاطر، إذا تمَّ ذلك فسيمثل تطورا تقنيا مفيدا لجميع الباحثين والقراء! لم يعلم بوش أنه، وفي حدود إمكانيات تكنولوجيا عصره، كان يقدم وصفا جيدا للرابط التشعبي يعادل ما أجاد الروائي الفرنسي مارسيل بروست كتابته، في روايته «البحث عن الزمن المفقود»، عن تخاطر الأفكار الذي يربط بين عثرة في الشارع وبين حدث اجتماعي وقع في الماضي وأيقظ زخما من الذكريات داخل الحاضر بسبب هذا الحدث الصغير.
وسيتمكن تيد نيلسون[6] Ted Nelson سنة 1965، ثم تيم بيرنرز لي[7] Tim Berner Lee، في حوالي عام 1985، من تحقيق حلم الربط بين الوثائق أينما كانت وكيفها كانت، أي حلم بلوغ جميع المعارف الكونية تقريبًا انطلاقا من نقطة وصول واحدة. والأدب الرقمي في جزء منه هو هذه العملية، أي الربط بين مجموعة من العناصر التي يقوم العقل الإنساني بتجميعها، ثم السماح للقارئ باختيار تنشيط هذا الرابط أو عدم تنشيطه.
لنتخيل أن بروست أشار إلى أن حدث الانقلاب في الشارع سيكشف عن حدث آخر وقع منذ زمن بعيد نملك حق معرفته أو لا، كما نملك حق اختيار سماع الموسيقى المرتبطة به، واختيار مشاهدة المشهد الذي تخيله المؤلِف، واستنشاق الروائح المعبرة عن هذا المشهد. إن هذه الإمكانيات التي يمتلكها القارئ أمام النص هي ما يقترح الأدب الرقمي أن يقوم به.
وبما أني ذكرتُ الموسيقى والصورة، فهذه فرصة التطرق لمفهوم الوسائط المتعددة. ومع أن فكرة الرابط التشعبي قد ارتبطت في الأصل بمسألة تدبير الوثائق، إلا أنه سرعان ما اتضح لمستخدميه الأوائل أنه يمكنه أيضا أن يربط بين الصوت والصورة. بذلك، يمكن أن يكون الأدب الرقمي متعدد الوسائط دون أن يكون هذا الشرط لا بد منه.
يتيح لنا النص التشعبي أيضا إمكانية الربط بين الخطوات الإجرائية للقراءة التي يطلق عليها اسم التفاعلية Interactivité. فربط ظهور الموسيقى، على سبيل المثال، بالنقر على صورة، يشكل حدثا، وربط فتح نافذة جديدة في المتصفح بتمرير مؤشر الفأرة على هذه المنطقة المحددة سلفا في الشاشة، هو أيضا حدثٌ.
هكذا، فالأدب الرقمي يتوقف في وجوده على جهاز الحاسوب كتابة وقراءة، ويجمع بين الكتابة، والصورة، ثم الصوت عرضا، وذلك داخل إجراء للقراءة يشمل التفاعلية. والخلاصة أن الأدب الرقمي هو أدب يشتغل ضمن ثلاثة شروط هي: الحاسوب، والوسائط المتعددة، والتفاعلية.
الكتابة باستخدام الحاسوب كتابة تشاركية
تسمح الكتابة الرقمية بتجاوز العائق الذي يشكو منه العديد من الكتاب[8]، وهو خطية (أو سطرية) الكتابة التي تلزم المؤلف بالتعبير عن موضوعه حسب ترتيب ثابت، أي من اليسار إلى اليمين بالنسبة للكتابة اللاتينية [ومن اليمين إلى اليسار بالنسبة للكتابة العربية]، إذ يتيح الحاسوب تخطي ذلك.
ففي مساحة الشاشة التي نستعملها في الوقت الحالي، لا تسمح لنا الواجهات الرسومية فقط بوضع النص في المكان الذي نريد، وإنما أيضًا بالربط بين إجراءات القراءة المتغيرة إلى ما لا نهاية. بالتالي، فالنص لم يعد شكلا ثابتا مطبوعًا على الصفحة بترتيب لا يتغير، بل أصبح متنا متغيرا تسمح برامج معلوماتية ولغات برمجة بالتصرف فيه بكامل الحرية. كما لم يعد النص هو هذا المتن النهائي الذي يفرض نفسه على القارئ، وإنما أصبح اقتراحا يستطيع هذا المتلقي أن يتفاعل معه، ومن ثمة لم يعد القارئ مجرد متلق لعمل أدبي كوني، بل أصبح فاعلا خاصا وفريدا في تجل متعدد الوسائط.
أما بالنسبة للمؤلف، فمن الصعب جدا تحديد التحول الذي تجريه الكتابة على الحاسوب، لأنه يغير طبيعة فعل الكتابة ذاته.
إذا كان من الضروري المقارنة بين الكتابتين التقليدية والرقمية، فسأقول إن الكتابة الأدبية باستخدام الحاسوب تتطلب من المهارات المعرفية أكثر بكثير مما تتطلبه الكتابة التقليدية، إذ لم تعد معرفة اللغة هي كل ما نحتاج إليه لتحويل رغبة الكتابة وقصدها إلى عمل إبداعي؛ كما لم نعد نعبئ فقط بصرنا وفهمنا، وإنما أصبحنا نوظف أيضا سمعنا. لم نعد نحرك أداة واحدة للكتابة، هي القلم أو الريشة أو الآلة الكاتبة، بل أصبحنا نتحكم في العديد من الأجهزة التي ننقل بها الكتابة. كما لم نعد نوجد في ذاكرة واحدة هي ذاكرتنا، وفي متن نصي واحد، هو نصنا، وإنما أصبحنا منغمسين داخل وفرة وتعدد.
ولما كان الحاسوب هو أداة الكتابة الرقمية، فالحوار الذي ينخرط فيه المؤلف أثناء الكتابة يتحول فجأة إلى حوارات متعددة. فهذه الواجهة البيضاء التي تكون أمام المرء لحظة الكتابة، والتي لم يعد يتعين عليه أن يملأها بالجمل والكلمات وإنما بكتابات، وصور، وأصوات سيتم عرضها أثناء عملية القراءة، تصبح الواجهة الرسومية التي يعبر من خلالها عن أنفسهم كل الذين صمموا هذه الآلات، والبرامج المعلوماتية التي بفضلها نستطيع أن نُبدعَ أعمالنا الأدبية الرقمية.
والحال أننا نجد أنفسنا هنا مضطرين لمواجهة التصرفات المتهورة للمصمم الذي يعمل على تعقيد وظائف هذا البرنامج أو ذاك من البرامج المعلوماتية، ومن ثمة لا يمكننا تجاهل كون الكتابة الأدبية الرقمية تحمل البصمات المميزة للمصمم المعلوماتي الذي استعملنا برنامجه.
أمام استحالة الاعتماد فقط على أداة بسيطة، كالقلم أو قلم الرصاص، لكتابة كلمات وجمل على حامل ورقي وترتيبها، تضع الكتابة الرقمية بدل ذلك عددا من الوسائط بين المبدع وعمله الإبداعي، مما يحدث تحولا جذريًا داخل تجربة الكتابة التي شببها الكثيرون بحوار متعدد الأطراف في تجربة كتابة بالتعدد: حوار بين ذات وذات أخرى، أو بين كاتب وقارئ، أو بين مؤلِف وسارد، بين غريزة وأنا أعلى، وما إلى ذلك.
هذا التوظيف لكل من الشاشة، ولوحة المفاتيح، والبرامج المعلوماتية وما يوجد خلفها في أثناء الكتابة الرقمية لا يقوم فقط بتعقيد عملية الإبداع وإنما يعدل جوهر هذا الإبداع نفسه، وبالتالي فاشتغالي بهذه الأدوات ولغات البرمجة الجديدين يلزمني بالانسجام معها للتمكن من استخدامها. فهي ترشدني جزئيا بالفعل إلى العمل الذي أكون بصدد إبداعه. وبذلك، لم أعد وحيدا مع اللغة، وإنما طرفا ضمن أطراف أخرى.
وفي حين يتعين على الكاتب «التقليدي» أن يفرض نفسه على الكلمات، بشكل ديكتاتوري تقريبا، وينازلها، ويجعل «أناه» مقاسا لكل شيء، يجب على الكاتب الرقمي على العكس أن يتحول إلى شبه حرباء، فيكون مطواعا، يبحر وهو ماهر في القبض على طاقة الآخرين والمشي وسط الحشود بسرعة لقراءة تحركاتهم التكتونية. وتتواصل هذه التجربة المتعددة إلى ما بعد الانتهاء من إبداع العمل الأدبي.
يمكن للقراءة / التصفح على جهاز كمبيوتر أن تتم بشكل فردي أو جماعي، وهذا أفضل، إذ عندما يقرأ الكثيرون أو يجربون هذا الحدث أو ذاك، فهم يقابلون بين تجاربهم وتأويلاتهم على الفور.
لم أعد أتحدث إلى شخص واحد، هو هذا القارئ المحتمل /المتخيل، أخي وعدوي، ومثيلي، بل أخاطب حشدًا، متنافرا، جميع أفراده يتكلمون في وقت واحد دون أن يحترموا أي شيء مما أردت أن أقول أو أفعل، وهذا جيد. بالتالي فاعتماد الحاسوب في الإبداع الأدبي يشبه جلد الماعز الذي يتجاذبه الفرسان الأفغان. هل سيمضي في هذا الاتجاه أو ذاك، هل سيتم اقتناصه بهذه الطريقة أو تلك، أو سيقتنصه هذا القارئ الذي يمنحه معناه الخاص… من هنا، يكون هذا النص قريبا من اللعب. لذا فما أحسست به من تعب شديد، على سبيل المثال بعد يوم من الإبداع، باعتباري كاتبا رقميا، كان من طبيعة مختلفة.
عندما يغادرني تعب قضاء يوم كامل في الكتابة الأدبية ويتركني في حالة شبه مزيج من الضعف والارتياح، فإن الزوبعة الناجمة عن القفزات المتكررة بين برامج الدريمويفر[9] DreamWeaver والفوتوشوب Photoshop والجافا سكريبت[10] JavaScripts، وبين النص والصور والأصوات وإجراءات الكتابة / القراءة، تلك الزوبعة تكون أشبه بالشعور بالتشتت أو الخسران كما يحصل للمرء بعد رحلة طويلة في بلد أجنبي. عندما أغادر «صفحة فارغة» لأبني العمل الأدبي تدريجيا، وأنا أرتق باستعمال لغة توصيف النص التشعبي HTML، وأضع أكواد الجافا سكريبت وراء الوسومات، آنذاك أسمع أصداء أصوات البرامج تتردد في الحاسوب، وصخب الشباب المبكر لهذا الفن الجديد.
وإن شئنا احترام الأخلاقيات الجاري بها العمل، فالنص الأدبي الرقمي النهائي لا يحمل توقيعي وحده، إذ خلف ما يُرى على الشاشة، سيتضمن كود لغة توصيف النص التشعبي HTML توقيع مختلف مؤلفي البرنامج الذي صممتُ به عملي، ويمكن لأي قارئ الوصول إلى ذلك بسهولة مهما قلت خبرته. وبذلك يكون العمل الأدبي الرقمي كتابة مشتركة.
وكما قيل كثيرا، فهو يفتح المجال لقراءة امتلاكٍ للعمل المقروء، بمعنى أنها تجعل القارئ مؤلفًا مشاركًا co-auteur في العمل، إذ بفضل الأجهزة الظرفية الموجودة تحت تصرفه، وهي الشاشة ولوحة المفاتيح والماوس وكاميرا الويب وعصا التحكم، يمكنه الدخول في حوار مع العمل ومنحه أثره الزمني. وهذه هي أقوى خصائص الأدب الرقمي، إن لم تكن الأقوى على الإطلاق، والتي لا يمكن اختزالها إلى ما هو معروف بالفعل والزعم بأن «لا جديد تحت الشمس». ذلك أنَّ العمل الأدبي الرقمي لا يوجد ما لم يولده القارئ بأشياء يستعملها بطريقة مادية للغاية، ومن ثمة فهو أدب تفاعلي حقًا، بمعنى أنه يمكن للقارئ أن يحوله بفضل الواجهات.
الأدب الرقمي ليس مجرَّدا (أو لا ماديا)
تعود صعوبة تحديد العمل الأدبي الرقمي باعتباره موضوعا ثقافيا إلى كونه لا يتكون من متن ثابت ومتجانس، كما هو الحال مع المخطوطة التي يمكن استنساخها ماديا على شكل كتاب، كما أنه لا يتكون من جسم مادي واحد، كاللوحة أو المنحوتة، ثم لأنه ليس فن خشبة ولا تجهيزات، ولأنه في النهاية ليس ما يسميه هوسرل «كائنًا زمنيًا»، بمعنى معزوفة موسيقية يؤديها عازف ويتحقق أداؤها بشكل متزامن مع الاستماع إليها، ومع ذلك فالأدب الرقمي ليس أدبا افتراضيا، ولا مجردا، ولا زائفا.
ولتوضيح كلمة «افتراضي» التي تُستخدم كثيرا للإشارة إلى كل ما يتعلق بالتكنولوجيات الجديدة، يتعين علينا أن نعود إلى أصل اشتقاقها، إذ لكثرة قراءتها ينتهي بنا الأمر إلى عدم معرفة ماذا تعني.
في معظم الأحيان، عندما تشير اللفظة السابقة إلى التقنيات الرقمية والألعاب والعوالم المولدة اصطناعيا، وما إلى ذلك، فهي تعني أن الأمر «ليس حقيقيا تمامًا، ومتقلبا، وعابرا، وغير مستقر، أو حتى غير موجود»، ثم بسبب إفلاس اقتصاد شبكة الأنترنت في مطلع 2000، انتهى الأمر سريعا بالمفردة إلى إفادة «ما هو وهمي، وزائف، غير حقيقي، ومثير للهلوسة»، ولكن ما هو افتراضي ليس مرادفا بالضرورة لغير الموجود. ومن ثمة كان من الصعب فهم حقيقة ما كانت تشير إليه تلك المفردة في الواقع، فبدت تلك المفردة نفسها كما لو كانت تحمل على كاهلها عيوب العالم بكاملها.
بالرجوع إلى القاموس الاشتقاقي لاحقا، سيتم إدراك أن لفظة «افتراضي virtuel» تنحدر من الأصل اللاتيني «virtus، وvirtulis» بمعنى الشجاعة، والقوة البدنية، وما بعدها، «vir»، أي الرجولة»، فما علاقة ذلك بكلمة «افتراضي» كما نفهمها اليوم؟ وفي منتصف الطريق بين الأصل اللاتيني وبيننا، نجد في اللغة الفرنسية القديمة، في القرن الثاني عشر، كلمة «الفضيلة vertu» التي تعني «الممارسة الاعتيادية للخير»، ثم بعد ذلك، في القرن الثالث عشر، «خاصيات مادة معينة». بالتالي، من خلال الرجوع إلى الحقيقة التاريخية لكلمة «افتراضي»، يتضح أنها تفيد معنى ما لديه خاصية مادة دون أن يمتلك بالضرورة المتعة الفورية بهذه الخاصية ولا واقعها. لكن هذا لا يعني أن ما هو افتراضي غير موجود، فالأمر أبعد ما يكون عن ذلك.
يمكن القول إن الافتراضي مؤكد و«قوي» للغاية بحيث لا يحتاج إلى تقديم نفسه بتجليه المادي الكامل. هكذا تحيل كلمة «افتراضي» إلى الحالة الاحتمالية للشيء، على عكس حالة تحققه الكامل، وإلى نوع من البريق الذي أرادت اللغة اليومية أن تجردها منه بأي ثمن، ربما بدافع الأذى المتعمَّد أو الانتقام. عندما أسمع الآن أحد كتاب الأعمدة ينطق هذه الكلمة أو يكتبها، بنبرة احتقار متلكئ، لا يسعني إلا التفكير في نوع من عودة المكبوت، لاسيما أنَّ هذه العودة تتم من خلال كلمة تشير في أصلها الأول إلى معنى «الفحولة»، وأن ما نسمعه له معنى معاكس تماما لما يُعتقد.
إذاً، فما أعنيه عندما أصف الأدب الرقمي بأنه افتراضي هو أنّ هذا الأدب، من خلال ملازمته للحظة الهشة التي تسبق المتعة الكاملة، سيحتفظ من هذا التشويق إلى أجل غير مسمى بنقطة قريبة جدا من القوة، وهي قوة ستتذكر دائما هشاشته الممكنة.
أخيرًا، لا يمكن لهذه «الافتراضية» أن تتجلى بدون دعم العديد من طرفيات الحاسوب، مادامت الافتراضية نفسها تتحقق عبر عدة طبقات من لغات الكمبيوتر تتراكم فوق بعضها البعض كما تتداخل اللغات الطبيعية دون أن يحجب بعضها البعض حجبا كليا. والحال أن الأدب الرقمي هو فن يعتمد على تكنولوجيا بعينها. لكن ألم ينشأ الأدب كما نعرفه اليوم مع اختراع الكتاب المطبوع؟
من المؤكد أن الشاشة هي الشكل الأكثر عرضة للتحول في المستقبل. في الوقت الحالي، هي مستطيلة، وغير مريحة غالبا، لأنها تؤلم العينين، وألوانها شبه عشوائية. ومن خلال لمعانها الشاحب، والألم الذي يصيبنا، بسبب لمعانها الباهت، وما يحدثه في أعيننا، فإنها ليست مما يثير فينا الكثير من الاهتمام ولا الجاذبية.
بما أنه لم يعد من الممكن مزاولة العمل في أيامنا هذه، في جميع أنواع المكاتب، وعلى مستوى العالم، بدون هذه النافذة التي تعرض تدفق الأرقام والبيانات التي أصبحنا نتشكل منها اليوم أكثر مما نتشكل من أجسامنا المادية، من جهة، وبما أنني، من جهة أخرى، عندما أقرأ نصا أدبيا رقميا أجد نفسي في الوضعية نفسها، مستغرقا في مشاهدة الشاشة، وأصابع كفي تنقر على لوحة المفاتيح بعصبية، ويدي تلمس الماوس أو سطحا حساسًا، وجسدي متدحرج إلى منتصفه، وبطني مستدير، وردفاي متضخمان، فإنه يمكنني إعادة اكتشاف أحد طموحات الأدب، وتتبع القارئ، ومحاورته بأسلوب حياته التافه والأكثر معاصرة، وحتى بوضعه البدني الأكثر شيوعًا.
تكمن أهمية الشاشة الوحيدة في كونها تمكنني من الوصول إلى العمل الأدبي الرقمي، إذ هي التي تمنحه شكلا مرئيا، وتعطيه تجليه الزمني، أي أثره.
وبهشاشة هذا الأدب واعتماده على بنية تحتية تكنولوجية مهمة لا شيء يضمن دوامها، فإنه يحلينا إلى طبيعته التي يكتنفها اللايقين، وإلى وجوده في منتصف الطريق بين فنون المسرح والموسيقى والتشكيل.
مع أن الماوس حديث الاختراع [11] (أو جهاز التأشير وهو أحدث، أو أي جهاز آخر للحوار مع الكمبيوتر من خلال التحكم)، فإنه يبدو أحيانا بمثابة إعادة تشكيل لحركة أقدم، كطي الصفحة أو توسيع لفافة ورق البردي أو طي صفحات الدفتر. لكن لدى قراءة العمل الرقمي، تتدخل اليد فيه فتلمس أحد تجلياته دون أن تستطيع لمسه في كليته.
لم يعد هناك معنى للفتح والطي المرتبطين ماديا، في المقام الأول، بتجميع العمل المكتوب في ورق البردي أو الجلد أ والورق، ولا للصورة المجازية للعمل المكتوب التي تعشعش في ثنايا كتاب قبل أن تتسلل إلى طيات الوعي وتسكنها. فالماوس هذه الأداة الهجينة من الآلة وجسد الإنسان، والتي من خلالها نشارك جسديا في العمل، لا تقوم سوى بتمرير المؤشر قبل أن تنقر أو تغوص، ومن ثمة فهي لا تفتح ولا تطوى، في حين لا تكرر اليد التي تسكن الماوس حركة قديمة بشكل مختلف، بل تبتكر حركة جديدة.
والكون الرقمي الذي ينظمه الماوس بالنقر، والنقر المزدوج، وتمرير المؤشر، والسحب والإفلات، هو عالم من التداخلات المؤقتة، لكنها ذات معنى في الوقت الذي يتردد صداها في عقولنا. ولكن إذا لم نسجل شيئا مما نقوم به، فالتوقف المقبل لذاكرة الحاسوب المركزية سيمحوه كله: ما نبنيه باستخدام الماوس، وكتل المستندات التي نجمعها، كالصور المتحركة، ومقاطع الفيديو، سيمحو وعينا في طور التكوين. يرسم الماوس الأرخبيل المؤقت للوثائق التي تشكلنا، ويمنحها قربا يكشفنا، وبعد ذلك مباشرة يدفنها في أبعد مكان، في اللاوجود الرقمي. الماوس لا يثني ولا يطوي، وفي المقابل ينعِّمُ سطح الأشياء، وينسج الروابط العنكبوتية، ثم يحلها، ويفككها، ويفرغها. له من اليد هذا الاتصال المريح، والمقبض، والمداعبة، والإشارة، واللمس، وله من الآلة حركتها الدائرية، وقدرتها المذهلة على المراكمة، وحملها المهووس نحو الأشياء. يصف الماوس عالمًا مستديرًا، مشبعًا بالمعلومات، نرسم عليه أرابيسكات جديدة، ونقطع مناطق لحظية وعابرة، وما نحن إياه هو تقاطع هذه الدوائر التي نحن فيها مجموعات فرعية مشتركة.
هناك أيضا القرص الصلب، والقرص المضغوط، كلاهما مستدير مسطح أو رقيق السُّمك، وهما معا وعاءي محتويات أيامنا هذه، إذ عليهما نعتمد اليوم في تخزين وثائقنا وأعمالنا بطريقة شبه طقوسية.
القرص الصلب، كما يسمى جيدا، هو عبارة عن قرص شمسي مصغر ثاو في الجزء السفلي من الوحدة المركزية للحاسوب، اسم على مسمى، وتسميته في اللغة الفرنسية disque dur دالة، كما يدل على ذلك مضاعفة أحرف صوامت نطعية (أو سنِّية)، كما لو كانت صلابتها تدل على صلابته، وتعوض عن مادية هشة للغاية، يكتنفها انعدام اليقين، ليست كبيرة بما فيه الكفاية وغير مرحبة بما فيه الكفاية. حتى عندما نوكل إليه مجرد نص ليحفظه، فإنه يتعين عليه أن يقوم بما يتجاوز مجرد تلقي النص وحفظه: فمهمته لا تتوقف على هذا، إذ يجب عليه أن يثير الاطمئنان، باعتباره سردابا ومخزنا، وتأمينا ضد الأوقات الصعبة، وخزانا للمعارف، وحتى دليلا على قوتنا الفكرية واتساع اتصالاتنا، ومن ثمة ففقدانه بمثابة فقدان للروح.
ومع ذلك، فإن هذه القوة التخزينية والقدرة على الاحتفاظ ليست مضمونة، بل هي أبعد ما تكون عن ذلك، إذ أن البيانات التي يتم تخزينها في القرص الصلب، أو على الحوامل المنحدرة من القرص المضغوط (CD-ROM ، DVD، وما إلى ذلك) لا تضمن حتى الآن حفظا إلى الأبد، وهذه إحدى نقاط ضعف الأدب الرقمي الرئيسية: لم يستقر شكله الفني بعد.
ولكي تصبح البيانات المخزنة رقميا في القرص الصلب مرئية، فهي تحتاج إلى أجهزة وبرامج ولغات برمجة موحدة، بدونها لا يمكن للأدب الرقمي أن يوجد. ثم ما إن تحدث ثورة في الأشكال التقنية، على نحو ما عرفت المعلوماتية عددا منها خلال العقود الأخيرة، حتى تعود النصوص الأدبية الرقمية غير مقروءة بالمرة أو صعبة القراءة للغاية.
ومع ذلك، فالرهان على الأدب الرقمي يبقى مفتوحا، لأنه، وعلى شاكلة ما قام به الأدب الورقي في كثير من الأحيان، يحاول أن يوفق بين هذه الحاجة للسرد التي يعتبرها بول ريكور Paul Ricoeur محايثة للإنسان ونتيجة لابتكار اللغة، وبين مساءلة الحوامل المادية التي يتجلى من خلالها. بل إنَّ إحدى أقوى مميزات الأدب الرقمي هي أنه لا يكف عن مساءلة نفسه، ويتقدم من خلال إطلاق شعلة من النور أمامه خوفا من ألا يعثر على طريقه.
ترجمة: لبنى حساك
هوامش:
[1] CLEMENT JEAN, L’hypertexte de fiction : naissance d’un nouveau genre ? in Colloque de l’ALLC, Sorbonne, 22 avril 1994 :
http://hypermedia.univ-paris8.fr/jean/articles/allc.htm
[2] كتاب للتنبؤ بالغيب، يعتمد 64 شكلا لتوليد عدد لا متناه من الأشكال، من خلال توليفها، ثم قراءتها بعد ذلك. (المترجمة).
[3]Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle : جماعة تأسست في فرنسا سنة 1960، وكان تأسيسها ثمرة لحلقة «البحث في الأدب التجريبي» التي نشأت قبل ذلك بعام على يد المهندس فرانسوا لوليوني والشاعر ريمون كينو. (م).
[4]Vannevar BUSH, Comme nous pourrions le penser, in : Connexions, recueil d’articles présenté par Annick Bureaud et Nathalie Magnan, Editions ENSBA
[5] Memory Extender: ترجمته الحرفية «موسِّع الذاكرة».
[6] هو مبتكر مصطلح «النص التشعبي» في عام 1965، لأغراض تتعلق بمشروعه لإنشاء مكتبة افتراضية سماها زانادو Xanadu.
[7] هو مبتكر لغة توصيف النص التشعبي HTML التي تسمح بتنفيذ رابط النص التشعبي.
[8] على سبيل المثال، يرى تيوفيل غوتتي Théophile Gautier في روايته القبطان فراكاس، أن «عمل الكاتب أقل من عمل الرسام من حيث أنه لا يستطيع أن يُظهر الأشياء إلا تدريجيا».[9] برنامج لتصميم المواقع من إنتاج شركة Adobe. (م).
[10] لغة برمجة تستخدم في متصفحات الويب لإنتا صفحات أكثر تفاعلية. (م).
[11] من اختراع دوغلاس إندلبرت Douglas Endelbart، في عام 1968، وأنتجته للمرة الأولى شركة أبل Apple.
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