أدب مثير للجدل
أثار الأدب الرقمي الكثير من القيل والقال وانعدام الثقة، كما تعرض للنبذ وسوء الفهم، وهي ردود فع يمكن العثور عليها حتى اليوم. وُلدَ هذا الأدب في فلك السيبرنطيقا(1) ، وأثار عددا من الأحكام المسبقة تنبع من المتخيل التكنولوجي المتشائم من المستقبل لدى البعض، وتنحدر لدى البعض الآخر من تفسير يقول بعبقرية(2) التغييرات العميقة التي يُلحقها هذا الأدب بالكتابة والقراءة والنص. وهكذا فمنذ عام 1953، وقبل أن يستخدم الأدبُ الحاسوبَ، ابتكر بوريس فيان أسطورة «الإنسان الآلي الشاعر»(3) ، وهو عبارة عن آلة قادرة على إبداع الشعر. هذه الصورة ستسكن المتخيل الجماعي لوقت طويل، وهي ترمز إلى ريبة شديدة تجاه الأدب الرقمي.
وقد تكون هذه الردود للفعل قوية جدا بالنظر إلى أن الأدب نشاط يقوم على اللغة ولا زال يملك هالة قدسية. باختصار، أنْ «تنتج» الآلة أدبا وأن تمضي أبعد من ذلك فتُبدع شعرا فهذا ما يثير أحيانا الإحساس بنوع من التدنيس لأنَّ الأمرَ يُفهم بمثابة تخلّ عن القسم الأشد إنسانية فينا، أي عن الجزء الذي يُعبِّرُ عما هو أكثر صدقا وعدلا ويُعَبر بالخصوص عن جميع أحاسيسنا ومشاعرنا. ها هو ما قد يزيف الحق ويبخِّسُ الصادقَ ويُنزلُ أحاسيسنا إلى مرتبة الإواليات القابلة للعمليات الحسابية. هذا غير مقبول. وفي هذه الحالةِ لا يعاش الأدب الرقمي باعتباره إهانة، وإنما يُعاشُ بمثابة جُرح.
ومع ذلك، سرعانَ ما تُظهرُ ممارسة الأدب الرقمي تأليفا أو قراءة ألا شيء من تلك الأحكام السلبية ينطبق عليه. فهو يُحول المسألة الأدبية تقريبا، «ينقل» الأدب إلى إشكاليات هامشية أو لا تدخل ضمن انشغالاته أصلا. بيد أنَّ النشاط الإبداعي الحق يكمن بالضبط في هذا النقل ليس في النتيجة التي تعرضها الشاشة على شكل نص مهما كانت قيمة تلك النتيجة.
لا تستطيع أي آلة أن تجري هذا النقل بمفردها؛ فهو يظل ميزة للإنسان. ومهما تضمن الآلة من معارف، فهي لم تعد تُعتبر اليوم إطلاقا مؤلفا، بل صارت حافزا. والمؤلف الحقيقي ليس هو الإنسان الآلي الشاعر بل هو مصممه.
- تعريفات
- 1. الأدب الرقمي والوسيط والميديا:
الأدب الرقمي: نسمي «أدبا رقميا» كل شكل سردي أو شعري يستعمل الجهاز المعلوماتي وسيطا ويوظف واحدة أو أكثر من خصائص هذا الوسيط.
الوسيط والميديا: نستعمل مصطلح وسيط هنا بمعناه المحدد في أساسيات «فن الوسائط المتعددة»: الوسيط هو أداة التواصل المستخدَمة. والجهاز الوسيط المعلوماتي قريب من وسط يوجد العمل بداخله، لأنه يُتيحُ في آن واحد نقل المعلومة (الأدوار التقليدية للوسيط) وجعلها مرئية، لكنه يتيح أيضا تكوينها وتحوّلها/تحويلها (أي أداء الأدوار التقليدية للأداة). ونفضل هذا الاصطلاح على «وسيط» الذي نستعمله هنا بمعناه في نظرية التواصل، وهو: «الميديا وثيقة تُبنى بنظام سيميائي خاص». بهذا المعنى يكون النص ميديا، وكذلك الصوت والصورة. والملف الذي يتألف من معطيات رقمية خالصة مُشفَّرَة بقواعد محددة هو أيضا ميديا مع أنه موجه إلى البرنامج وليس إلى القارئ، ولكننا سنسميه «بيانات» لتمييزه عن الميديات الموجهة للقراءة. في الأدب الرقمي، تشغل الميديات متناغمة داخل الوسيط نفسه. وللتمييز بين المفهومين بوضوح، فإننا لن نعتبر الميديا média جمعا للوسيط médium.
الوسائط المتعددة: سنخصص مصطلح «وسائط المتعددة» لتسمية النتيجة الوحيدة التي يراها القارئ عموما في الشاشة داخل بيئة صائتة. نشير باصطلاح الوسائط المتعددة إلى النتيجة التي يراها القارئ والتي لا تتضمن سوى ميديات يفهمها الإنسان مثل الصوت والصورة والنص. وعليه، فالوسائط المتعددة ذات طبيعة سمعية بصرية.
يمكن للمنتوج المتعدد الوسائط أن يتضمن شفرة رقمية، ولكن هذه الشفرة تُؤوَّلُ آنذاك باعتبارها نصا.
- 2. 2. الخصائص النوعية
الخصائص النوعية للوسيط المعلوماتي هي: الخوارزمية، والتوليدية، والحسابية، والترميز الرقمي، والتفاعلية، وكلية الحضور، ثم التوافق. بعض هذه الخصائص معروف ومصنَّف منذ منتصف ثمانينيات القرن الماضي(4).
- 2. 1. الخوارزمية والتوليدية والحسابية
الخوارزم: الخوارزم هو مجموعة من القواعد المنطقية التي يتم ترميزها بلغة برمجية لإنتاج نتيجة. جميع البرامج توظف خوارزمات، بيد أننا لا نعتبر هذه الخاصية جزءا من العمل الأدبي الرقمي إلا إذا استخدمها المؤلف فعلا بطريقة واعية ولعبت دورا في بنية العمل. وبذلك يمكن للعمل أن يستخدم المنطقَ الرياضي في شكله الفني، وهناك عدد كبير من الأعمال الرقمية التي تستعمل خوارزمية خاصة.
أما التوليدية والحسابية، فهما حالتان خاصتان من الخوارزمات.
الموَلِّد: يسمى البرنامج مولِّدا عندما يبني في زمن واقعي، أي أثناء تنفيذه، ميديا أو أكثر (نص، صوت، صورة…) تُقتَرَحُ للقراءة. ومن ثمة فالمولد هو مجموعة خاصة من الخوارزمات.
الحسابية: يستطيع البرنامج أيضا أن يستخدم خوارزمات من الحساب الرياضي، مثلا لكي يحسبَ مسارات في الشاشة أو مؤثرات صوتية أو بصرية.
2. 2. التشفير الرقمي
يتم ترميز جميع الميديات بطريقة ثنائية في الحاسوب، ومن ثمة فالبرنامج لا يعرف الصور ولا الأصوات…، لا يتحكم سوى في رقمي الصفر والواحد وبقواعد واحدة على الدوام. في هذه العمليات تفقد مختلف الميديات هويتَها فتصير، من ثمة، قابلة للتحويل بطرائق يستحيل إنجازها أحيانا على نحو آخر. وإذاً، يمكن القول إن الحاسوب لا يعرف سوى ميديا واحدة هي البيانات المتألفة من أعداد، ولا يميز ميديا عن أخرى سوى الإنسان لدى تصفحه للنتيجة المتعددة الوسائط التي يُنتجها الحاسوب على شكل ميديات أخرى قابلة للإدراك والفهم (نصوص، أصوات…). وبفضل عالمية الترميز الثنائي تستطيع الخوارزمات المعلوماتية أن تتحكَّمَ في الميديات التي يفهمها الإنسان لأن هذه الخوارزميات لا تستخدم في الواقع سوى أرقام. ولوجود هذا الترميز آثار عديدة في الأدب الرقمي.
2. 3. التفاعلية
لا شك أن التفاعلية تعتبر هي الخاصية الأكثر تمييزا للأعمال الرقمية. هذا مؤكد، بيد أن تعريفها لازال محل خلافات.
التفاعلية: يرى عدد من المؤلفين، أمثال جان لوي ويسبرغ(5)، أن التفاعلية خاصية للعمل تدخل ضمن البرنامج، وتتمثل في قدرته على إحداث نشاط مادي لدى القارئ وعلى التجاوب مع هذا النشاط. في حين يوسع جان لوي بوازييه التفاعلية فيجعلها تشمل خاصية مختلف مكونات العمل المتمثلة في تحركها وتواصلها فيما بينها.
ينطلق هذان التعريفان للتفاعلية من رؤية متمركزة حول التقنية تعتبر العمل نظاما تكنولوجيا في حالة اشتغال، ولذلك فهما يستخلصان منطقيا أن القارئ يشكل عنصرا داخليا في العمل، أي مكوِنا من مكونات النظام التقني للعمل. إلا أني أرى أن نظرة كهذه تعجز عن إدراك الاختلاف الأساسي بين النظام التقني والنشاط الإنساني: فالبرنامج لا يتحكَّمُ سوى في معلومات رقمية تقنية خالصة هي البيانات، في حين لا يتحكم الإنسان أثناء تفاعله مع العمل سوى في رموز وعلامات. والعلامة، على عكس «المُعطى المعلوماتي»، لا تُعطى ولكن تُبنَى. الاختلاف هنا أساسي، ويتمثل في تعذر تجاهل الطبيعة السيكولوجية للعلامة.
وبذلك لا يمكن للتعريف الذي يختزل التفاعلية في بُعدها التقني أن يعالج المظاهر السيميائية الناتجة عن التفاعل المادي بين القارئ والبرنامج، ذلك أن عددا كبيرا من الأعمال يرتكز أساسا على هذا المستوى من التفاعل الذي هو قبل كل شيء مواجهة بين قصدين: قصد المؤلف الذي ينشطه البرنامج ونتائجه بالوكالة عن هذا المؤلف، وقصد القارئ المتجلي في تدخله.
لذلك نعرف التفاعلية بأنها خاصية للعلاقة التي تقوم بين القارئ والبرنامج. إنها قدرة تُمنَحُ للقارئ وإكراه يُلزمُ البرنامج: يمنح العملُ القارئَ قدرة التأثير في تركيب العلامات المقتَرَحَة للقراءة ويفرضُ العملُ نفسُه على البرنامج أن يتجاوبَ مع بعض المعلومات التي يقدمها القارئ.
بحسب هذا التعريف، التفاعلية هي خاصية للعمل الأدبي وليست للبرنامج وحده. فمن وجهة نظر القارئ، لم يعد البرنامج نظاما يندرج فيه هذا القارئ بل صار أداة يستخدمها القارئ نفسه في بناء المعنى بواسطة القراءة. وهذا التصور يندرج في رؤية أنثروبومركزية (متمركزة حول الإنسان وليس حول النظام التكنولوجي) للنشاط الإنساني طوَّرَها علم النفس الأداتي مع بيير رابيل بالخصوص(6)، ويُرسي قطيعة جذرية مع الرؤية المتمركزة حول التقنية، وهي رؤية شيَّدها العلم والتقنية.
2. 4. كلية الحضور والتغذية الراجعة
يمكن للنتيجة التي يُحدثُها البرنامج أن تظهر متزامنة في أجهزة كمبيوتر عديدة، كما هو الحال في الأعمال الموجودة على شبكة الانترنت، ومن ثمة؛ إذا ما أتاحت التفاعلية للقراء أن يتواصلوا فيما بينهم عبر عمل أدبي، فإنهم يقومون بذلك بحيث كلما تدخل أحدهم ترتب عن تدخله تعديلٌ لنسق العلامات التي يقرؤها الآخرون، ومن ثمة يُحدثُ نشاط القراءة (تغذية راجعة) تظهر في العمل؛ قراءة شخص واحد تعدل العمل الذي سيتلقاه القراء الموالون.
2. 5. التوافـق
التوافق هو الخاصية الأساس في انتشار الحواسيب الشخصية. ويسمى جهازا كمبيوتر متوافقين عندما يكونان قادرين على تشغيل برامج واحدة. وبالتوازي مع هذا، يقالُ عن البرنامج إنه «محمول» عندما يكون قادرا على الاشتغال في آلات مختلفة أو أنظمة تشغيل مختلفة مثل ويندوز وماك أو. أس(7) ولينكس(8) والدّوس(9)… وتأخذ هذه الخاصية التقنية البحثة سمتها الجمالية كاملة عندما نلاحظ أنه حتى إذا أمكن تنفيذ البرنامج في بيئات معلوماتية متوافقة، فهذا لا يعني أن النتيجة ستكون مماثلة على الجهازين. فهذه النتيجة ليست موحدة. ذلك أن كل فرق في الجمالية إلا ومن شأنه أن يؤدي إلى اختلاف في التفسير من لدن القارئ. بتعبير أوضح، لن يشاهد قارئا برنامج واحد على جهازين مختلفين شيئا واحدا بالضرورة، بل وفي بعض الحالات لن يشعرا بأنهما يقرآن العمل نفسه. وليس لهذه الخاصية نظير في وسائط أخرى مثل الكتب أو الفيديو أو السينما؛ فشريط الفيديو يعرض دائما بسرعة واحدة بغض النظر عن مواصفات الجهاز الذي يُعرَضُ فيه، وهذا ما لا ينطبق على العمل الأدب الرقمي المتحرك، إذ تدير بعض الأعمال هذه الخاصية بطريقة نوعية.
2. 6. وسيط مُركَّب
في الأدب الرقمي لا تقتصر قدرة الجهاز المعلوماتي على محاكاة أجهزة التسجيل (مثل الآلة الكاتبة، والكاميرا، وآلة التصوير الفوتوغرافي…) أو أجهزة إعادة البناء أو التشكيل (الكتاب، جهاز العرض، والراديو…)، ولا حتى على محاكاة وسيط تقليدي مثل التلفزيون أو الراديو، بل تتجاوز ذلك إلى إتاحة إمكانيات جديدة. ولذلك نرى أن الكمبيوتر يشكل وسيطا أكثر منه آلة. فمن بين سائر الميديات المعلوماتية (البيانات) يُعتبَر الحاسوبُ الوسيط الوحيد الذي يحتاج تشغيله إلى برنامج، لكنه أيضا حاملُ النتيجة متعددة الوسائط التي يُرسلها البرنامج إلى القارئ، كما يشكل بيئة للكتابة، ومقرّ عملياتٍ فيزيائية مثل تنفيذ البرنامج أو نقل المعلومات بين أجهزة أو بين برامج. بعبارة واحدة إنه وسيط مُركَب.
والقول بأن الحاسوب يُستخدم وسيطا يعني في المقام الأول أنه يُستعمَلُ من لدن الكاتب لخلق عمل أدبي، ومن لدن القارئ لقراءة هذا العمل. بعبارة أخرى، إن العمل الأدبي لا يترك أبدا جهاز الكمبيوتر، وهذا هو ما يجعل من الحاسوب وسيطا للعمل الأدبي.
3.2 جهاز للتواصل
3.2. 1. الجهاز والعمل الأدبي
يشكل العمل الأدبي الرقمي جهاز تواصل بين الكاتب والقارئ.
جهاز العمل: يتألف العمل الأدبي الرقمي من جميع مكونات الأجهزة والبرامج التي تتدخل في التواصل الذي يُحدثه هذا العمل بين الكاتب والقارئ والفاعلين المشاركين فيه.
ولا يُنظر إلى الفاعلين (القارئ والكاتب) باعتبارهما آلتين، بل يُنظر إليهما بوصفهما ذاتين تعملان بكيفية مدروسة ومستقلة.
2.3.2 للشاشة فيه مكانة بارزة
يعني استخدام الكومبيوتر في جهاز القراءة أيضا أن هذا الأدب هو أدب شاشة بالأساس.
نطلق اسم «العابر المرئي» على ذلك الجزء من العمل الأدبي الرقمي الذي يُنتجه البرنامج ويُتاحُ للقراءة. بصيغة أخرى: العابر المرئي هو الحدث المتعدد الوسائط الناتج عن تنفيذ البرنامج والمتاح للقراءة.
يمكن للكمبيوتر أن لا يكون ظاهرا، كما يمكن للجزء البصري من العابر المرئي أن يُعرضَ على حامل، كما في مشهد، ولكنه بشكل عام يُشاهَد في الشاشة. هذا الجزء من العمل هو ما يقترب من النص الورقي أكثر.
ويعود مصطلح «العابر المرئي» إلى نمط إنتاجه. فما يظهر على الشاشة يُنتجه البرنامج في زمن واقعي وبشكل فوري، على عكس الصورة الفيلمية. ومن ثمّ، فهو حدث عابر وانتقالي لا يُسجَّلُ أبدا بشكل دائم على حامل. إنه حالة بصرية وليس شيئا ماديا. يمكن لقارئين اثنين أن يشاهدا ويقرآ «عابرين مرئيين» مختلفين في حين لا تظهر الصورة الفيلمية للجميع إلا بكيفية متطابقة. علاوة على ذلك، فالقارئ يشاهد فعلا هذا الحدث الذي تنتجه الوسائط المتعددة.
سوف نرى على امتداد الكتاب الحالي كيفية استخدام سائر مقاربات الأدب الرقمي للعابر المرئي ولاسيما حقيقة كون الأمر لا يتعلق في أي حال من الأحوال بصورة قابلة للاستنساخ، على عكس الصورة في السينما. وتعود عدم قابلية الاستنساخ هذه إلى عوامل عدة:
- يمكن للبرنامج أن يستخدم العشوائية فيخلق تنويعات أو نتائج متباينة جدا من تنفيذ لآخر.
- عندما يكون العمل تفاعليا فإن العابر المرئي يعتمد على تصرفات القارئ طبعا.
- لنذكر بأن عدم قابلية استنساخ العابر المرئي هي نتيجة مُسبقة للتوافق ولو في غياب التفاعلية أو التوليد العشوائي.
تضعُ الشاشة قيودا خاصة على القراءة تؤثر على تنظيم الأعمال، إذ عادة ما تأخذ النصوص الموجَّهَة للقراءة على الشاشة شكلَ كتل أصغر حجما من النصوص الورقية، إذ يصعب استعادة تنظيم فضاء الصفحة على الشاشة (علو الشاشة أقصر من عرضها، على عكس الصفحة). وقد لاحظ الجميع صعوبة قراءة الكتب المرقمنة بصيغة PDF (ملفات تتطلبُ قراءتها برنامجَ الأكروبات رايدر) على الشاشة لدى محاولة الحصول على صفحة كاملة في شاشة 15 بوصة.
كل هذه القيود تؤثر على التنظيم المكاني للمعلومات وتشجع على تشكيل كتل قصيرة وبنيات سردية تتألف من فقرات قصيرة وقليلة الترابط فيما بينها.
- هل هناك مصطلحات أخرى لتسمية الأدب الرقمي؟
لدى استعمال نعت «الرقمي» في مفهوم «الأدب الرقمي» يتم التشديد على خاصية بنيوية واحدة، وبذلك يتم تحديد هذا المجال الأدبي انطلاقا من مصطلح خاص بالتقنية المستخدمة كما هو الحال غالبا في الأسماء الفنية (الرسم والتصوير…). هذا لا يعني أن المصطلح السابق يلخص في حد ذاته خصائص هذا الأدب وتصوراته. ربما ليس في وسع أي كلمة أن تقوم بذلك. ضمن هذا المنظور، تكون النقاشات الدائرة حول المصطلحات غير قائمة على أساس متين. واصطلاحات الـ « موضة» تتطور في الواقع بمرور الزمن وفقا لسياق استخدام الكلمات وتُفرض لأغراض تسويقية في الغالب.
هناك أسماء أخرى للتعبير عن هذه الأعمال:
ففي أمريكا يعتبر النص التشعبي هو المصطلح الأكثر شيوعا. ونظرا لتركيز مقاربة الأمريكيين على المفهوم، بخلاف ما عليه الأمر في أوروبا، فهم يدرجون ضمن النص التشعبي أعمالا أدبية رقمية لا تقوم بنيتها على التشعب في المقام الأوّل.
أما في أوروبا، فيُعتبر اصطلاح «الأدب الرقمي» أو الأدب «الديجتالي» (مصطلح إنجليزي أو ألماني – digital – يُترجم برقمي) الأكثر استعمالا حاليا، علما أنه يمكن استخدام مصطلحات أخرى لدى الرغبة في التشديد على بعض ملامح الأعمال.
وهكذا، فتعبير «الأدب الشبكي» يشير صراحة إلى الأعمال المنشورة في شبكة الأنترنت وإلى مفهوم الشبكة. إلا أن هذا المصطلح، للأسف، يُقصي كليا سائر الأعمال الموجودة حاليا خارج الشبكة (الأقراص المُدمَجة) وعددا من التجهيزات، كما أنه يميل إلى استبعاد كل الأعمال السابقة على ظهور شبكة الإنترنت، ما يفضي إلى إقصاء أعمال كثيرة هامة لأن الكتّاب لم يستثمروا الويب إلا منذ وقت قريب (حوالي عام 1996 في فرنسا).
أما عندما يراد التشديد على الاشتغال النوعي للقراءة التفاعلية فيتم الحديث عن «الأدب التفاعلي»، وهو مصطلح ابتكره إبسن أنارسيث وعرض نظريته في كتاب النص الشبكي: آفاق الأدب التفاعلي(10) .
نجد أيضا مصطلح «الأدب الإلكتروني»، كما في عبارة e-poetry أو «الشعر الإلكتروني»، على سبيل المثال، وتستعمل كثيرا لتسمية الشعر الرقمي. هذا المصطلح هو الأقدم في فرنسا، حيث كان شائع الاستخدام في سنوات 1980-1990، ويؤكد أكثر على الطبيعة التكنولوجية لاشتغال الوسيط، بخلاف مصطلح رقمي. وتطلق مصطلحات «الأدب الإلكتروني» أو «الكتاب الإلكتروني» اليومَ على الـ e-books، أي على على الكتب الورقية المرقمنة، وهي مؤلفات لا تدخل ضمن فئة الأعمال الأدبية الرقمية. هناك أيضا مصطلح «الأدب المعلوماتي»، وأستخدمه شخصيا للتشديد على خصوصية الوسيط.
أخيرا، ما من اصطلاح إلا ويركِّزُ على أحد جوانب الأعمال الأدبية. وفي فرنسا، لا يولي المؤلفون أي أهمية للمصطلح المستخدم لأن ما يهمّ هو معرفة موضوع الحديث، ولذلك سوف نحتفظ من هذه التسميات بمصطلح «الأدب الرقمي».
4. ما هي أنواع الأدب الرقمي؟
يمكن تصنيف الأعمال في مجموعتين رئيسيتين. الأولى تولي الأولوية لقراءة النص على الشاشة، والثانية تركز أكثر على نظام الاتصال في مجموعه. قد تتداخل المجموعتان، ولذلك سوف لن نستخدم هذا التصنيف إلا لغرض تسهيل العرض.
يمكن تفريع المجموعة الأولى وفقا للأنواع النصية السائدة التي أنشأتها مختلف الثقافات ولو أنَّ الأعمال اليوم تنتمي في كثير من الأحيان إلى أنواع عدة. على هذا النحو يمكن التمييز بين النص التشعبي والأدب التوليدي والشعر المتحرك.
أما المجموعة الثانية، فتشمل التجهيزات والأعمال الجماعية أو التعاونية والأعمال المتمحورة حول دور البرنامج.
- هل يشكل الأدب الرقمي قطيعة أدبية؟
من المهم التذكير بأنه ليس هناك قطيعة مفاجئة بين الأعمال الأدبية الرقمية ونظيرتها غير الرقمية، بل هناك استمرارية أجرت نقلا للمسألة الأدبية بشكل تدريجي وبطيء.
فمنذ بداية القرن العشرين أخرجت مختلف الحركات الطليعية النصَ من الصفحة بإدراجه في جداول وأشياء، فغيرت بشكل دالٍّ العلاقات بين الكاتب والنص والقارئ، كما هو الحال مع حركة الهبينينغ(11) مثلا، وانكبت على إنتاج المعنى بتشغيل علاقة الحروف فيما بينها والكلمات فيما بينها وعلاقة الكلمة بغيرها من أنظمة العلامات بصفة عامة. وهذا ما جعل فيليب كاستيلليني ناشر إحدى أهم مجلات الأدب الرقمي، وهي مجلة (12) DOC(K)S، يصرح بأن الأدب الرقمي هو «اكتمال» للأشكال التي استغل عليها أولئك الطلائعيون.
تفترض فكرة الاكتمال بلوغ نقطة لا يُمكن تخطيها، بيد أنَّه ليس هناك قضية أدبية واحدة تبلغ حدا لا يقبل التجاوز. علاوة على هذا، فمثل هذا التصور لا يأخذ بعين الاعتبار خصوصية الوسيط لأنّه يَرى ضمنيا أن الوسيط المعلوماتي ينحصر في تغيير الحامل. ثم من الأفضل اعتبار الأدب الرقمي يندرج في خط الحركات السابقة ويُحدثُ قطيعة من خلال توظيفه لخصوصيات الوسيط بغاية إبداع أعمال فنية تُنسِّبُ مفهومَ النص.
ترجمة: محمد أسليـم
كاتب النص: فيليب بوتــز Philippe Bootz
أستاذ بشعبة الوسائط التشعبية
جامعة سان دُني (باريس 8)
رئيس جمعية الأدب الرقمي الأوروبية
عضو في مجموعات ومجلات ومواقع إلكترونية عديدة متخصصة في الأدب الرقمي
هوامـــش
(1) Cybernétique: السيبرنطيقا (أو السيبرانية أو علم التحكم) حقل متعدد التخصصات، ابتكره وينر نوربرت، ويدرسُ الأنظمة المنظمة ذاتيا ليس من خلال مكوناتها، ولكن من خلال تفاعلاتها، حيث لا يُنظر سوى لسلوكها الشمولي. يُسمى أيضا «علم التشابهات المتحكم فيها بين الأجساد والآلات». ويشكل هذا العلم أحد مصادر الأدب الرقمي، حيث لا يتردد البعض في تسميته بـ «الأدب السيبربنطيقي» (المترجم).
(2) Démiurge : صانع، وهو مصطلح أطلقه أفلاطون في محاورته ” طيماوس ” للإشارة إلى صانع الكون ومبدعه، وإن كان قد اعتبر الحق و الخير و الجمال آلهة أيضا. كما أطلق هذا اللفظ كذلك أفلوطين الأسكندري للدلالة على النفس الكلية / العالمية باعتبارها حين تتوجه نحو العقل الصادرة عنه تلد ( أو تصدر و تفيض عنها ) نفوس الكواكب و نفوس البشر و سائر الكائنات (م).
(3) VIAN Boris, “Un robot-poète ne nous fait pas peur”, ARTS 10-16, avril 1953 : 219-226.
(4) BALPE Jean-Pierre, « Présentation », L’imagination informatique de la littérature. St Denis: PUV, 1991.
(5) WEISSBERG Jean-Louis, Présence à distance, déplacement virtuel et réseaux numériques : pourquoi nous ne croyons plus la télévision. Paris : L’Harmattan, 1999.
(6) RABARDEL Pierre, Les hommes et les technologies : approche cognitive des instruments contemporains. Paris : Armand Colin, 1995.
(7) os X: نظام تشغيل تطوره وتسوقه شركة أبل منذ العام 1999 (م).
(8) Linux: لينكس هو نظام تشغيل مجاني مفتوح المصدر يوفر كافة مزايا أنظمة التشغيل من تعدد المستخدمين، وتعدد المهام، وذاكرة افتراضية، وإدارة متطورة للذاكرة، المشاركة بالمكتبات البرمجية، بالإضافة لدعم خاص للشبكات.
عن موقع: http://www.linux.school.4t.com (م).
(9) DOS: هو مجموعة متكاملة من البرامج تقوم بإجراءات التشغيل الضرورية لإدارة جميع وحدات الحاسب من طراز IBM أو المتوافقة معها . ويطلق عليه الــ DOS اختصارا للأحرف الأولى من العبارة Disk Opraiting System. ويحتفظ ببرامج نظام التشغيل على أقراص مرنة أو يتم وضعه على الأسطوانة المدمَجة وتتحدد وظائف نظام التشغيل MS-DOS في:
- تحويل البيانات والتعليمات ونقلهما بين الذاكرة الرئيسية والأقراص؛
- بدء تشغيل الحاسب والقيام بعدد من الاختبارات للتأكيد من سلامة التوصيلات الكهربائية؛
- ج- قبول أوامر التشغيل التي يتم إدخالها عن طريق لوحة المفاتيح والتي تسمح للمستخدم بالتحكم في جميع مكونات الحاسوب ؛
د- تمكين المستخدم من الحصول على نسخ إضافية من الملفات من على الأسطوانة إلى أسطوانة أخرى؛
هـ- نقل التعليمات والبيانات إلى وحدة الطباعة.
عن موقع: http://lessons.alwatanyh.com (م).
(10) AARSETH Espen, Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
(11) Happening: اصطلاح وَضعَه ألان كابروف سنة 1957، انتشر في أمريكا وأوروبا نهاية الخمسينيات وفي عقد الستينيات، يهدف إلى تحطيم جميع الحدود بين الحياة والفن ويُشرك الجمهور في الإنجاز الفني للقضاء على الفن المعروض لفائدة فن يُعاشُ. ويعتبر الهبنينغ من الاتجاهات الممهدة لظهور الأدب الرقمي (م).
(12) عنوان المجلة هو:
http://www.sitec.fr/users/akenatondocks/DOCKS-datas_f/larevue_f/la_revue.html
(م).
ببليوغرافيا
- AARSETH, Espen, Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
- HAYLES, Katherine N., Writing Machines. Cambridge & London: The MIT Press, 2002.
- VUILLEMIN, Alain et LENOBLE, Michel (Dir.), Littérature et informatique : la littérature générée par ordinateur. ARRAS : Artois Presses Université, (ÉTUDES LITTÉRAIRES), 1995.
- VUILLEMIN, Alain et LENOBLE, Michel (Dir.), Littérature Informatique Lecture: de la lecture assistée par ordinateur à la lecture interactive. Limoge: Presses Universitaires de Limoges, 1999.
- Encyclopédie de la recherche littéraire assistée par ordinateur:
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/astrolabe/index.html
- PANO, Ana (Dir.), “Littératures numériques en Europe: état de l’art”, Revue des littératures de l’Union Européenne, Numéro monographique 5, juillet 2006,
http://www.rilune.org/mono5/litnumerique.htm
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