أدب رقمي

بيير ليفي Pierre Lévy:  النـــــــص  التشعبـي مرحلة جديدة في حياة اللغة /ترجمة محمد أسليم

1750

 

مسألة الذكاء الجماعي

الهدف من هذه الورقة هو وضع التحولات الأنثروبولوجية المعاصرة، وخاصة الانتقال إلى الثقافة الرقمية، ضمن منظور أوسع للتطور الثقافي. في الواقع، أظن أنه لا يمكننا فهم التحول التكنولوجي والاقتصادي والسياسي والفكري الذي نمر به حاليا ما لم نضعه في الدينامية الكامنة التي تمنحه معنى. وأقترح هنا النظر في المجتمع البشري باعتباره ذكاء جماعيا يتجاوز الأفراد والعصور. فهذا الكائن غير المرئي والأكبر منا جميعا يتطور، وتطوُّره يَخلقُ ويُطوِّر جيلا بعد جيل، وبالحركة نفسها، عالما عمليا وعالما للتمثلات.

لقد أتاحت اللغة للإنسانية تطوير شكل من أشكال التعاون بين الأفراد مختلف جذريا عن ذلك الموجود في المجتمعات الحيوانية السابقة. سمتان  رئيسيتان تميزان الثقافة الإنسانية ليس فقط عن التجمعات الكبرى التي تشكلها مجتمعات الحشرات، ولكن أيضا عن مجتمعات الثدييات الأكثر تطورا:

أولا، لذكاء الجمعي البشري حاملٌ بيولوجي هُم أفراد مستقلين ومُبتَكرين على نحو لا نظير له في مملكة الحيوان.

ثانيا، هذا الذكاء الجماعي قادر على مراكمة اكتشافاته وابتكاراته إلى أجل غير مسمى، بما في ذلك – وهذه هي النقطة الحاسمة – الاختراعات التي تمكنه من التعلم بشكل أسرع ومن تسجيل الأفكار الجديدة بفعالية أكبر: الكتابة والمطبعة والمعلوماتية. وتشكل كل قفزة كبرى في تنمية ذكائه الجمعي علامة فارقة في تاريخ البشرية.

بفضل القدرات الفريدة للأعضاء التي تعتمد عليها النفوس البشرية (من الوحدة التركيبية للدماغ إلى الشكل الفريد للبلعوم)، فهي قادرة على إيواء حياة اللغة: إنها «تفكر»، وتطرح أسئلة، وتحكي قصصا وتتفاعل مع بعضها البعض. علاوة على ذلك، فحياة البشر تقتاتُ من حياة اللغة، ومتى حُرمت النفس البشرية من الثقافة والمعاني المشتركة أصابها المرضُ وماتت. فاللغة البشرية تروي النفوس البشرية وتجعلها تحيا بإدراجها في روابط اللغة. تعبُرنا الكلماتُ والرموزُ، وتغذينا، وتبقينا معا كما يتدفق الدم في خلايا الجسم. وتُظهر المسيحية هذه الحقيقة دينيا عندما ترى أنَّ المجتمع البشري جسمٌ دمُهُ اللغة.

من خلال استحمام النفوس البشرية في لغة تجعل هذه النفوس شفافة لبعضها البعض، فهي تنسج مجتمعة محيطا أمثل لرواج الأشكال الثقافية. وتتيح قدراتها المذهلة على التقليد إعادة إنتاج الأفكار. وبطريقة تكاملية، تستطيعُ النفسُ البشرية أيضا انتقاء الأشكال الثقافية ونقل ما تختاره منها فقط. هذا هو بُعدُها التحرري. لن يكون هناك أي تطور ثقافي ما لم نستطع ابتكار أفكار وتقليدها وانتقائها. الذكاء الجماعي هو الوسط الذي يجري فيه تحول الأفكار واستنساخها وانتقاؤها. يبتكر البشر أشكالا ثقافية وينقلونها أو يُبعدونها تبعا لقدرة هذه الأشكال على «أخذ معنى» عندهم، أي تبعا للأحكام حول العلاقات المركبة التي ترتبط بها أفكار بأفكار أخرى. لكن كبريات محطات الحياة الثقافية تطابق قفزات مهمة في قدرات إبداع الأفكار واستنساخها وانتقائها، بمعنى قفزات مهمة في بنية الذكاء الجمعي البشري.

يمكن اعتبار التطور الثقافي بمثابة تحسن تدريجي لخصائص استنساخ الأشكال الثقافية. يمر هذا التطور بزيادة في درجة التركيز والتعبير عن تنوع الأشكال. يتحقق تركيز التنوع من خلال وسائط جديدة وشبكات للتواصل، بما في ذلك المدن وأنظمة النقل المادي. أما التعبير، فيرتبط بنظم جديدة للعلامات، وبـ «كتابات» جديدة: كتابات رمزية، وعلامات أبجدية، ورُموز موسيقية ورياضية، ولغات برمجة، وكتابات الصورة (صباغة، رسومات، فوتوغرافيا، سينما، ألعاب فيديو، محاكاة رسومية تفاعلية)…

كلما زاد تنوع الأشكال المركزة زادت فرص التعبير عنها بدقة وسهل ابتكار أشكال من خلال توليفها وتركيبها. ويعزز تركيز التنوع أيضا بُعدا آخر للتطور، هو الانتقاء. فهو يتيح في الواقع إجراء منافسة بين الاختيارات داخل مجموعة أوسع من الإمكانات.

الكتابة، والأبجدية، والطباعة، والفضاء الافتراضي: كل مرحلة من هذه المراحل، وكل مستوى من هذه المستويات يُدمج السابق ويفضي إلى تنوع جديد وإلى زيادة جديدة في توسع الكون الثقافي. وكلما زاد التواصل والترابط زادت الحياة الثقافية غنى وتحولت بسرعة، بتوسيع تنوع «الأنواع».

 

الكتابة: نشأة الحضارة

يمثل اختراع الكتابة استمرارا للثقافة وتطويرا لها، وبالتالي تطويرا للذكاء الجمعي البشري. فمن خلال الكتابة، يمكن لأشكال خطابية أن تدوم عدة قرون في غياب أي ناقل شفهي لها. لكن انتعاش تلك الخطابات وحيويتها يعتمدان تقاليد التفسير. فمنذ اختراع الكتابة إلى أيامنا هذه، وهي تشكل أحد الحوامل الرئيسية لعدد من خطوط الذكاء الجمعي (الأديان، والآداب، والعلوم …). لقد جاءت الكتابة لتتوج الثورة النيوليتية (أو ثورة العصر الحجري الحديث) التي اشتملت على ابتكارات تربية الماشية والزراعة وإنشاء المدينة والدولة والديانات المتطورة التي يخدمها رجال دين يخضعون لترتيب هرمي (بلاد الرافدين، مصر، الصين، المايا، الإنكا). مع الكتابة تخطت المعرفة أشكال الأسطورة والطقوس. إنها بداية تنظيم وتصنيف منهجيين للمعرفة في مجالات الطب والفلك، والرياضيات، وما إلى ذلك. بدأ يحكم العلاقات الإنسانية كل من القانون ومؤسسات تتحسن تدرجيا. تُظهر الكتابة في فضاء العلامات نوعا جديدا من الفضاء، والمكان، ومكانا مناسبا للتراكم، مستقرا مغلقا وسليما، تسانده وتشجعه الزراعة والدولة والمدينة. يمتد المجال الترابي، بسجلاته العقارية وحدوده التي تحميها الدولة على حساب فضاء الرعاة المفتوح، كما تخلق الكتابة أيضا نوعا جديدا من الزمن والتاريخ، لأن المعلومات والحكايات يمكن أن تتراكما الآن أجل غير مسمى. والشعوب التي تبنت الكتابة وحضارتها صارت مهيمنة سياسيا، كما أصبح للثقافات الكبرى أنظمة كبيرة للكتابة: الكتابة المسمارية، والهيروغليفية، والحروف الصينية، والكتابات الرمزية لشعبي الأزتيك والمايا.

 

الأبجدية: ظهور العَالمي

تمثل الأبجدية تحسنا ملحوظا في الكتابة، لأنها أبسط من الهيروغليفية المصرية والكتابة المسمارية لبلاد ما بين النهرين والكتابة الرمزية الصينية أو الكتابة التصويرية التي تعود إلى الحضارات ما قبل الكولومبية، إذ تقوم (الأبجدية) على الجمع بين أقل من ثلاثين علامة تمثل كلها أصواتا لا غير. والأبجدية هي أيضا أكثر عالمية من أنظمة الكتابة السابقة التي تمَّ ابتكارها في استقلال بعضها عن بعض، إذ تنحدر جميع الحروف الهجائية – بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر من شكل أولي نموذجي (1200 قبل الميلاد) كان عبارة عن حفنة من الحروف أصلها هيروغليفي، ولكنها «خرجت من مصر» وأصبحت ناقلات خالصة للصوت في لغة سامية شبيهة باللغة العبرية. ويحتمل أن يعود ابتكار الأبجدية إلى بدو رحَّل كان إلههم الواحد قد حرَّمَ عليهم التصوير لكي تصير فكرة تعاليه أكثر وضوحا، فاخترعوا علامات كانت عبارة عن علامات لغوية خالصة لا تشتمل – خلافا لباقي الكتابات – على أي تمثيل للعالم المحسوس. كما يمكن صياغة فرضية موازية، وهي أنّ وجود كتابة صوتية بسيطة وخالصة هو ما أدى إلى اكتشاف ألوهية لا يمكن تمثيلها، متعالية ومعادية لجميع أشكال الوثنية.

وبمعنى من المعاني، لم يكن هناك سوى أبجدية واحدة، هي الفينيقية والعبرية والسنسكريتية واليونانية واللاتينية والسريالية والكورية المنحدرة كلها من ابتكار أصلي، ومن ثمة فالأبجدية هي أول نظام تواصل عالمي. وقد خلَّصت بساطة الأبجدية الكتابة من احتكار الكاتب، وجعلت الديمقراطية ممكنة إذ صارت قراءة نصوص القانون  في متناول كل مواطن. فاختراع النقود في ليديا كان مجاورا ومعاصرا لنجاح الأبجدية الفينيقية واليونانية، كما اختُرعتِ النقودُ داخل شبكة من المدن التجارية تنتشر فيها القراءة والكتابة وليس داخل إمبراطورية شمولية من النوع الفرعوني. أما الفلسفة والرياضيات البرهانيان المُبتكرتان في اليونان، و – بشكل أعم – المعارفُ ذات المرامي العالمية، فترتبط هي الأخرى ارتباطا وثيقا بالحروف الأبجدية. أخيرا، ترتكز الأديان الكبرى الأخلاقية الشمولية، وهي البوذية والديانات التوحيدية  الثلاث، على نصوص مقدسة مكتوبة بحروف أبجدية (العبرية، اليونانية، اللاتينية، العربية، السنسكريتية). مع الأبجدية، لم يعد هناك مجرد تاريخ، بل صار هناك تاريخٌ ووعي به وتقليد من مساءلة معناه. مرة أخرى، ترتبط الثقافات القوية بـ «آداب» (والكلمة تتحدث عن نفسها) دينية وشعرية وفلسفية وعلمية وقانونية مدونة بحروف أبجدية. لقد غطت «إمبراطوريات الحروف الهجائية» اليونانية والرومانية والعربية سائر الدول النيوليتية القديمة التي كانت ترتكز على هرمية الكَتَبَة.

 

الطباعة: توسيع المجتمع المفتوح

بعد أن اكتسبت اللغة، بفضل الكتابة، ذاكرة مستقلة وعالمية القراءة والكتابة، حصلت اللغة نفسها على سلطة ذاتية للاستنساخ. في الواقع، يمكن اعتبار المطبعة بمثابة ثورة في أسلوب الاستنساخ الذاتي التقني للحروف الأبجدية وللصور بدأت في أوروبا أواخر القرن الخامس عشر. يمكن الاعتراض عليَّ بأن اختراع الطباعة كان قد تمَّ في الصين بضعة قرون قبل ذلك. هذا لا شك فيه، ولكنني لا أناقش هنا الجانب التقني للمسألة، بل أحاول فهم «الثورة الثقافية» التي ترتبت عن ظهور المطبعة في أوروبا. فالمطبعة لم تُحدث أي «ثورة ثقافية» في الصين، لأن المنشورات هناك كانت تخضع لرقابة صارمة من قبل الدولة، من جهة، ومن جهة أخرى لم تكن مطبعة الصين القديمة من نوع مطبعة الحروف المتحركة التي اخترعها جتنبرغ.  فالحاجة إلى الجمع بين أقل من مائة حرف (في أوروبا التي تعرف القراءة والكتابة) أو بين أكثر من 10000 شكل (في الصور الرمزية الصينية) يجعلُ الفرق بين الاثنتين كبيرا.

تشكل المطبعة القاعدة الوسائطية لنشأة المجتمع العلمي الحديث. فقد أظهرت دراسات حديثة أن المجلات والكتب المطبوعة التي تحتوي على بيانات محددة قد ضمنت تواصلا فعالا داخل  شبكة دولية واسعة من العلماء، وكان ذلك أحد الشروط اللازمة لتطور العلوم التجريبية. ولنلاحظ أنَّ المجتمع العلمي كان هو أول من نظم نفسه وفقا لمبادئ الذكاء الجماعي. نتيجة لذلك، فقد تم تشجيع التقدم التقني وبدأت حلقة تغذية راجعة إيجابية تربط بين التواصل والاستكشاف والتجارة والعلم والتكنولوجيا والثورة الصناعية والرأسمالية. ترتبط المطبعة أيضا بثورات دينية، إذ يرتكز كل من الإصلاح وإيديولوجيات الخلاص الدنيوي، وهي حقوق الإنسان والليبرالية والاشتراكية، على نظام الاتصال الذي وضعته المطبعة. فالرأي العام ينمو جنبا إلى جنب مع سلطة الصحافة، وهذا الرأي العام المطبوع هو الذي سيؤدي إلى ظهور الدول الديمقراطية الحديثة، وإلى الحركات الاشتراكية والفاشية كرد فعل.

أحد الآثار الرئيسية لثورة الطباعة هو توسيع الآفاق، ليس فقط من وجهة نظر فكرية ولكن أيضا في اتجاه عملي جدا، إذ تتطور وسائل النقل دائما تقريبا بالموازاة مع وسائل الاتصال. فهيمنة أوروبا (أي حضارة المطبعة) في العالم إلى حدود مستهل القرن العشرين تمثل أول دفعة في اتجاه ترابط الإنسانية، ما يجعل من الممكن تصور إمكانية ذكاء جماعي شامل للنوع البشري. ولكن هذا الذكاء لن يكتمل إلا في المرحلة الموالية من تاريخ اللغة.

 

الفضاء الشبكي (أو السيبراني) وأفق ثقافة عالمية للذكاء الجماعي

يمكن اعتبار التلغراف والفوتوغرافيا وتسجيل الموسيقى والهاتف والسينما والراديو والتلفزة والحاسبات الآلية وأجهزة الكمبيوتر بدايات عملية جنينية متفرقة لخلق الفضاء الشبكي، في مرحلة الفضاء الإلكتروني، حيثُ تلتقي جميع الوسائط السابقة. تُرقمَنُ جميع العلامات الثقافية. يتمّ إنشاؤها وتسجيلها وتشبيكُها (أو الربط بينها) في الشبكة طور الاتساع التي تجمع أجهزة الكمبيوتر وستجمع قريبا سائر الآلات والأجهزة الإلكترونية. في هذا الوسط الجديد للتواصل، تكونُ العلامات والرسائل المؤلفة لها مشتتة في كل مكان. ما أن توجد ماديا في جهة ما في الشبكة حتى يمكن الوصول إليها نظريا من أي نقطة من نقط هذه الشبكة. تحشد الأنترنت مجموعة متنوعة ومتزايدة من سائر أنواع الرسائل أكبر من تلك التي توفرها أي مكتبة أو مكتبة وسائطية مادية، كما يمكن الوصول إلى هذا التنوع من أي نقطة من نقط الشبكة، وبذلك تتوفر للمتصفحين إمكانيات للاستكشاف والتحقق والاختيار أوسع من أي وقت مضى، وهي كلها إمكانات مختلفة وغير متوقعة.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ففي زمن الثقافة الشبكية، لم تعد اللغة تملك فقط تلك الذاكرة المستقلة التي تمنحها إياها الكتابة، والقدرة على الاستنساخ التلقائي الذي تمنحه لها المطبعة والانتشار في كل مكان تقريبا كما هو الحال مع الكهرباء، بل أصبحت الآن تملك القدرة على العمل المستقل. في الواقع، ما هو البرنامج إن لم يكن نوعا من الكتابة المتكيفة مع عالم شبكات الكمبيوتر قادرا على العمل الذاتي وعلى التفاعل مع برامج أخرى وعلى خلق توليفات من جميع أنواع العلامات وعلى تشغيل أجهزة آلية واستنساخ نفسه أيضا بشكل أكثر استقلالا من الكلام المطبوع؟ في هذا الصدد، فما تقوم به الفيروسات المعلوماتية يُظهرُ، وبطريقة كبيرة، الطبيعة العامة الخاصة بجميع البرامج. فعالم البرمجيات هو السائل المنطقي وبحرُ التركيبة الحية، وحساء الثقافة الذي تنشأ منه الآن الصور والموسيقى والكلمات. وروبوتات البلاستيك والمعدن تحركُها من الداخل هذه الكتابة المتحركة القادرة على فك شفرة الإشارات وإرسالها.

 

الذكاء الجماعي والعلاقة الجديدة بالمعرفة

تطبعُ الثقافة الشبكية نهاية المعرفة المستقرة المنظمة التراكمية والمقسمة إلى تخصصات مستقلة، إذ أصبحت المعارف تبلى بسرعة، تتحول، وتعيد تنظيم نفسها، وتصدر من أكثر الأماكن غير المتوقعة. إنها نهاية المعارف المخزنة التي تعطي ميزة لحراس التقاليد وظهورُ نوع جديد من المعرفة المتدفقة العائمة التي تعطي الميزة للمتصفحين والباحثين ومصممي خيوط النصوص التشعبية. التصنيفات والتراتبيات، الضرورية دائما، أصبحت الآن مؤقتة وظرفية، وعلى عاتق الأفراد والجماعات مسؤولية متزايدة في البحث والإنتاج وانتقاء المعارف.

لقد صارت معرفتنا نظرية على نحو متناقص وتقوم على نحو متزايد على خرائط دقيقة وقواعد بيانات ونظم للمحاكاة والرؤية المباشرة، إذ يتم تحويل العمليات والبيانات المعقدة إلى نماذج بصرية تفاعلية. تسمح لنا التلسكوبات أن نرى النجوم الأكثر بعدا وأحداث بدايات الزمن، وتظهرُ لنا المجاهرُ أشكالَ الجزيئات وكيفية تفاعلها مع بعضها البعض، وتزداد دقة صور الجسم الطبية يوما بعد يوم، وصارت الأرضُ تُرى من الفضاء، والكاميرات المتكاثرة في كل تقاطعات الطرق تلتقط مَشاهد… هذه الصور، مثل جميع القنوات التلفزية التي تبث الآن على شبكة الأنترنت، تخلق الآن نظاما جديدا من الرؤية يمكن تسميته بـ «كُلِّي الرؤية». على عكس التلفزيون، تتيح كلية الرؤية للمرء أن يوجه نظرته الشخصية، كما تسمح لنا باتخاذ عدد لا نهائي من وجهات النظر المتنوعة: يمكن زيارة جميع صحف العالم، وجميع المحطات الإذاعية، وسائر المواقع، وكل المجتمعات الافتراضية، من خلال الاتصال بشبكة الأنترنت نفسها.

يقوم اقتصادنا والأداء الاجتماعي العام على نحو متزايد الآن على المعلومات والأفكار والإبداع والذكاء الجماعي. ويمكن أخذ مفهوم الذكاء الجماعي بعدة معان: أولا، فهو يشير إلى زيادة وتحول تقني متعمد ومنهجي للوظائف الإدراكية والمعرفية الإنسانية الرئيسية:

– الذاكرة (قاعدة بيانات، وثائق تشعبية، الشبكة العالمية)؛

– الخيال (خاصة من خلال عمليات المحاكاة البصرية التفاعلية للظواهر المركبة التي تتيحُ استكشاف كميات كبيرة من السيناريوهات)؛

– التفكير (الذكاء الاصطناعي، والمحاكاة، والنظم القائمة على المعرفة)؛

– الإدراك (بصور مَحسُوبَة ببيانات رقمية وبالرؤية كلية الحضور)؛

– الإبداع (النصوص، والصور والموسيقى والفضاءات الافتراضية، والبرمجيات).

والتقنيات الفكرية ذات الحامل الرقمي لا تزيد فقط الذكاء الفردي، بل وكذلك تزيد النظم المعرفية الجماعية وهي الشركات والجمعيات وسائر الجماعات الافتراضية. في الواقع، نظرا لإخراج التكنولوجيات الفكرية في أجهزة تقنية ووضعها في الشبكة، فهذه التكنولوجيات تجعل من الممكن تقاسم العمليات المعرفية تقاسما حقيقيا.

من ناحية أخرى، يشير الذكاء الجمعي إلى ممارسة متعمدة للتعاون التنافسي في إنتاج المعرفة. يؤدي الفضاء الشبكي باعتباره فضاء اتصال يفتحه الترابط العالمي لأجهزة الكمبيوتر إلى تشكيل جديد لنوع من التواصل يُخاطبُ فيه الجميعُ الجميعَ على نطاق واسع، مغذيا بذلك ذاكرة ديناميكية مشتركة. لا يتيحُ تشبيك الحواسيب الاتصالات التفاعلية من نوع «الواحد يُخاطبُ الواحد» (كما هو الحال في البريد والهاتف) والبث من نوع «الواحد يُخاطبُ الجميع» (كما هو الحال في الصحافة والإذاعة والتلفزة) فحسب، بل ويتيح أيضا الذاكرات الديناميكية المشتركة، وهذا النوع من التواصل الجماعي والتفاعلي والمتعدد لشبكة الأنترنت وللجماعات الافتراضية؛ هذه المرونة في الاستعمال مواتية للذكاء الجماعي على نحو خاص. فبمجرد ما تطرحُ مسألة معينة في مكان ما، يستطيعُ الوصول إليها عددٌ كبير من الذكاءات الشخصية (أو المجموعات الصغيرة)، فيتأتى للجميع اكتشاف الحلول المقترحة لها والمقارنة بينها واستخدامها. ويشجع عالم البرمجيات الحرة بالخصوص على هذا النمط من العمل الخاص بالمجتمعات العلمية، ولكنه ينتشر أيضا في قطاعات أخرى. يمكن اعتبار أنَّ الذكاء الجمعي هو فن مضاعفة الذكاءات (الصعب) بضرب بعضها في بعض، ولذلك فالأمر يتعلق بابتكار ألعاب يكون الفائزون فيها هم أولئك الذين يعطون قيمة أكبر للذكاء المتوفر، ويصهرون الكفاءات ويتعاونون بشكل أكثر فعالية.

 

الرأسمالية المعرفية والديمقراطية السيبرانية

كما هو الحال في المراحل السابقة من حياة اللغة، هناك تحولات اقتصادية وسياسية مهمة تجري اليوم. فالإبداع والذكاء الجمعي هما الآن العاملان الرئيسيان للإنتاج. يمكن نقل المعلومات والمعارف دون فقدانها واستهلاكها دون تدميرها، ما يدعو إلى إعادة النظر في المفاهيم الاقتصادية القائمة على الندرة. يدفعُ البحث عن الاختلاف التنافسي والقيمة المضافة المقاولات إلى تركيز اهتمامها على التصميم والإبداع، كما يُنظر على نحو متزايد إلى الإدارة باعتبارها تصميما ثقافيا للمقاولة وشبكة ونمذجة للنظام المعرفي للجماعة البشرية في علاقة حية ببيئتها. أما «التنظيمات التعلمية»، فتترابط في جماعات افتراضية من المتعاونين والمستهلكين والشركاء والمستثمرين، في حين تواصل الرأسمالية الإعلامية ثورة دائمة في عمليات التصنيع والمنتوجات والتمويل والتسويق، وما إلى ذلك.

تصب حركة الاندماجات في وضعية سوف يكون فيها كل قطاع اقتصادي وكل شركة عالمية عملاقة بمثابة قطاع «خدمات عامة» تغطي الكرة الأرضية يحتكم إليه المستهلكون والمستثمرون وقد حصلوا فوريا على معلومات حول عروضهم الاقتصادية، ولكن أيضا على توجهاتهم الثقافية والسياسية. وتسرّع شفافية الأسواق الاقتصادية حركات «الاستثمار المسؤول اجتماعيا» و«الاستهلاك الواعي» كما قد تسمحُ بقيادة أخلاقية للاقتصاد من لدن الاقتصاديات الشعبية على الخط ومن لدن الاستهلاك في الأسواق الافتراضية الشفافة.

وعلى المستوى السياسي، تقترح شبكة الأنترنت فضاء تواصل شفافٍ وعالميّ سوف يفضي إلى تجديد عميق لظروف الحياة العامة في اتجاه حرية ومسؤولية متزايدتين للمواطنين. وتفتح الوسائط التفاعلية والجماعات الافتراضية المتحررتان من المكان فضاء اجتماعيا جديدا تزدهر فيه حرية التعبير على نحو غير مسبوق.

وقد أدى تطوير الفضاء الشبكي إلى ممارسات سياسية جديدة تتمثل في الديمقراطية الإلكترونية، حيث تنشئ الجماعات الافتراضية المرتكزة على جغرافيا ترابية، هي المدن والمناطق الرقمية، ديمقراطية شبكة محلية وأكثر تشاركية. ويهدف الانتقال إلى الحكومة الإلكترونية (بما يفترضه من إصلاح إداري) إلى تعزيز قدرات عمل السكان بحيث يديرون شؤونهم بأنفسهم بدل أن يخضعوا لسلطة معينة. وبذلك، تسمح الساحات الجديدة على الخط بظهور أساليب جديدة من الإعلام  والمشاركة السياسية.

تحدثُ عولمة الاقتصاد والاتصالات ظهورَ مجتمع مدني عالمي يعبر عن نفسه في فضاء عام متحرر من المكان الآن. وتستخدم معارضة العولمة، وهي القوة السياسية الرئيسية المعارضة في الفضاء العام الجديد، جميع موارد الفضاء الشبكي وتجرب جميع أشكال التنظيم السياسي الجديدة المرنة واللامركزية التي تسهم في ابتكار الديمقراطية الإلكترونية. في السياسة، نحن نسير ببطء نحو حكومة عالمية ديمقراطية مع هيمنة محتملة لأولئك الذين يواصلونَ ابتكار الفضاء الشبكي ويجعلون منه فضاء للاستخدام الأكثر إبداعا.

 

خاتمة: نحو ثقافة التنوع

يمكن اعتبار الشبكة العالمية وثيقة تشعبية عالمية ومتعددة الألسن يقرأها ويكتبها (نظريا) أي شخص. فبمجرد ما يتم رقمنة نص ما (بالمعنى الواسع لكلمة رقمنة، وهو تركيب العلامات) يمكن اعتباره جزءا من الفضاء العالمي للغة قيد الترابط. مركزُ هذا الفضاء لا يوجد في أي مكان، ومحيطه يوجد في كل مكان، وكل مكون من مكوناته يرتبط بجميع باقي المكونات. وتشكل هذه الوثيقة التشعبية التفاعلية الضخمة والمتنامية نوعا من التشييء للسياق الثقافي العالمي.

لا ينبغي تصور توحيد الإنسانية الجاري باعتباره إلباسها زيا موحدا، بل يجب اعتباره تكثيفا للتبادلات وتركيزا للتنوع. تشكل الثقافة عالما من المعاني المترابطة التي ينعكس بعضها في البعض الآخر بطريقة هولوغرافية. إنها نظام بيئي من الأفكار. في زمن المشافهة كانت القبيلة هي الوحدة الثقافية، وفي مرحلة الكتابات المبكرة تشكلت الوحدة الثقافية الأوسع من الحضارة المتمحورة حول المعبد والقصر والمدينة والأرشيفات وهرمية الكَتَبَة. وقد أتاحت الأبجدية خلق إمبراطوريات وديانات ومعارف عالمية النزعة، ولكن هذه العالمية كانت مُجرَّدة لا غير، إذ لم تكن الإمبراطوريات العالمية تجمع البشرية جمعاء فحسب، بل كانت عالميتها المسطحة تكتفي بتصدير موحَّد لخصوصيتها المحلية، وبالتالي فهي محلية بشكل موحد. ومع المطبعة، بدأت الثقافات المنغلقة تنتقل انتقالا (عنيفا وفوضويا في كثير من الأحيان) إلى المجتمع المفتوح، فتمَّ تحدي العقائد الاستبدادية في كل مكان، وأطلقَ كلٌّ من توسع السوق العالمية والتصنيعُ والتقدمُ العلمي والتقني والحركات السياسية الثورية عمليةَ زعزعة استقرار الثقافات المتسارعة اليوم، مع كل الاتجاهات المضادة المعروفة. في زمن العولمة والثقافة الشبكية، تمتزج نظم العلامات وبنيات المعاني وتمتزج الشعوب في وقت واحد، وتتقاطع وتتحارب سائر أنواع الأفكار في الفضاء الوسائطي نفسه. تحكم علينا تقنيات الاتصال والنقل الجديدة بأن نعيش معا. أصبحت الوحدة الثقافية الجديدة هي وحدة النوع، ونحن نعاني اليوم آلام ولادة ثقافة عالمية لا يمكن أن تكون إلا ثقافة التنوع. يمارس الأفراد الانتماء المتعدد على نحو متزايد. تظهر «قبائل» افتراضية جديدة باستمرار، وتغذي ثقافاتٌ صغيرة مُجدِّدَة بأصالتها الثقافةَ الشاملةَ. تظهَر الكوارث والمفاجآت والمستجدات باستمرار، وتُجبرُ الثقافة العالمية وخلاياها المترابطة على التعلم وابتكار المعنى على نحو متواصل لدمج الفوضى. من وجهة نظر الذكاء الجماعي، التنوع هو مصدر ثروة والشرط نفسه لتطور مفتوح دائما. وعلى المستوى الأخلاقي، تستدعي ثقافة التنوع ممارسة حوار بين الثقافات، بمعنى انفتاح متعمد على قضايا أخرى غير قضايانا، وحكايات أخرى، وطرائق أخرى لإنتاج المعنى.

 

الفضاء الشبكيي

ثقافة التنوع

 المطبعة

المجتمع المفتوح

 الأبجدية

إمبراطوريات عالمية

 الكتابـة

الحضارات

 المشافهة

مجتمعات قبلية

  
ذكاء وإبداعية جماعية.

«اقتصاد أفكار جديد»

 صناعة بأعداد هائلة، سوق عالمية، رأسمالية  

التجارة،

الترحال

  

زراعة

تربية الماشية

  

الصيد

والقطاف

  

الاقتصاد
نحو كونفدرالية عالمية ذات ديمقراطية إلكترونية رأي عام،

ديمقراطيات حديثة،

حقوق الإنسان

 المدينة،

المواطنة،

الديمقراطية

  

الدولة، القانون، العدالة

  

القبيلـة

  

السياسة
توفيق عالمي شرق / غرب

نزعة تطورية

 إصلاح،

ديانات الخلاص الأرضي (ليبرالية، اشتراكية…)

  

ديانة توحيدية

البوذية

  

ديانات متعددة الآلهة ذات رجال دين

  

إحيائية

  

الدين
إنتاج المعرفة من لدن المجتمع بأكمله (اقتصاد الإعلام)

كلية الرؤية

  

علم تجريبي حديث،

علوم تقنية

  

العلم والفلسفات ذات النزعة العالمية

  

معارف منهجية

  

أساطير

  

المعارف
فضاء افتراضي: الأرض الحقيقية هي دلالية  

ترابط الكرة الأرضية

  

عالمي ومُجرَّد

  

الأرض

  

كون له مركز

  

الفضاء
الزمن الحقيقي ثورات (سياسية، علمية، صناعية) الوعي بالتاريخ التاريـخ الدورة الزمان
حضارة الحاسوب والشبكات: أمريكا- العالم؟  

حضارة المطبعة:

أوروبا

 حضارات أبجدية:

الإسكندر،

قيصر،

محمد

 كبريات حضارات الكتابة:

مصر، بلاد ما بين النهرين

الصين

    

السيطرة

 

لقد انتهى بنو الإنسان إلى السيطرة على الأرض وتوجيه تطور المحيط الحيوي لأنهم الحيوانات الأكثر «ذكاء». ولكن ما معنى أنهم «أذكياء»؟ يمكن وصف الوضعية بطريقة أخرى وهي القول بأنَّ شكلا آخر من الحياة، هو حياة الأفكار وحياة الأشكال الثقافية (تضم كلا من اللغة بمعناها الضيق والموسيقى والرموز المركبة والأعداد والكائنات الرياضية والنقد والأدوات والنظم التقنية، وما إلى ذلك)، ذلك الشكلُ قد استولى على الذكاء الجمعي للبشرية – وهو بيئتها الطبيعية – وحوَّلَه ليجعله أكثر قدرة على استيعاب نموه. وقد منحت حياة الفكر للنوع البشري  هذا  الامتياز التنافسي، بما في ذلك على الصعيد الديمغرافي، لتمكينه من القدرة على التطور دائما كمًّا وكيفا وتنوعا. ولكي تتمكن حياة الأفكار – التي يُشارك كل واحد منا فيها بحرية – من النمو، فقد كان من الضروري أن تحسن نمو بيئتها متمثلة في الجنس البشري وامتداداته التقنية. لذلك، لا أظن أنه يجب الخوف من حياة البرمجيات كمنافسة لنا. فعالم اللغة لا يمكن أن يبقى على قيد الحياة ويزدهر إلا في وسَط يتشكل من بشر يعيشون في مجتمع. تُجبرُ قوانين التعايش مجال الفكر البشري على الإسهام في البقاء وعلى حياة جيدة لبشرية تعتمد عليها. وعلى العكس، لا تملك الإنسانية جوهرا مميزا آخر غير استضافة مجال الفكر، أو حياة العقل التي بدأت مغامرتها الآن فقط.

بيير ليفي Pierre Lévy

أستاذ كرسي بجامعة أوتاوا الكندية منذ عام 2002

أستاذ سابق بجامعة سان دُني (باريس 8)

 

بيليوغرافيا مُختارة حول الذكاء الجمعي في عصر الثقافة الشبكية مع تذييل كل مرجع بتعقيب صغير:

Anger R. (Ed.), foreword by D. Dennett, Darwinizing Culture : The Status of Memetics as a Science, Oxford U. P. 2000

مقدمة جيدة لمقاربة الظواهر الثقافية بلغة «داروينية». وفقا لرأي لريتشارد دوكينز، في المجال الثقافي يُستبدَلُ الجين بـ «الميم»، ومن ثمة جاز الحديث عن «علم التطور الثقافي memetics». كيف تتكاثر الأفكار وأي نوع من البيئة تشكلها هذه الأفكار؟

Bateson, G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 2 vol., Chandler, NY, 1972. Traduction française: Vers une écologie de l’esprit, tomes 1 et 2, Seuil, 1977 et 1980.

باتيسون هو عالم متعدد التخصصات بدأ مشواره عالما أنثروبولوجيا، ثم أغرم بالأفكار السيبرنطيقية في نهاية أربعينيات القرن الماضي واهتم طوال حياته بعمليات التواصل والفكر من منظور نسقي وبيئي. وهو أحد آباء مفهوم الذكاء الجماعي.

Bloom, H., Global Brain. The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century, John Willey and Sons, NY-Toronto, 2000

من المحيط الحيوي إلى الفضاء الشبكي، مرورا بالنظم الاجتماعية والثقافية، يدرسُ بلوم الظواهر التطورية المركَّبة باعتبارها عمليات معرفية.

Castells, M., The Information Age, Economy, Society and Culture, (3 vol.) Blackwell, Oxford, 1998, traduit en français chez Fayard en 1998 et 1999.

ثلاثة مجلدات بما يقرب من 400 صفحة، مليئة بإحصائيات وحقائق عن مجتمع الشبكة العالمي الجديد وعصر المعلومات، بمقاربة سوسيولوجية في المقام الأول.

Digital Opportunity Initiative (Final Report) Creating a Development Dynamic, United Nations, NY, 2001 En ligne : http://www.opt-init.org/

تقرير أنجز بتكليف من الأمم المتحدة في موضوع الانتقال من إشكالية الفجوة الرقمية إلى فرص التنمية باعتماد الأدوات الجديدة للإعلام والاتصال الرقميين. إنها مقاربة استراتيجية مثيرة، مع العديد من الأمثلة العملية والارتباطات التشعبية.

Hayek, F. The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review, XXXV, No. 4; September, 1945, 519-30. En ligne :

http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/Economics/HayekUseOfKnowledge.html

واحد من النصوص الأولى التي يحلل فيها أب الليبرالية المعاصرة السوق باعتبارها شكلا من الذكاء الجمعي ذاتي التنظيم يتيح لفاعلين مجهزين بمعلومات ناقصة جدا ولأهداف متضاربة أفضل استخدام ممكن للموارد المتاحة. ويتناول هذا النص أسعار السوق باعتبارها إشارات ناشئة تلهم تنسيقا غير مركزي.

Heylighen, F. & alii, Principia Cybernetica Web (http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html)

عمل تفاعلي جماعي من تنشيط فرانسيس هيليجين Heyligen في شبكة الأنترنت. يستخدم الموقع نظريات التطور والنظم المركَّبَة لوصف النشأة التدريجية لـ «دماغ عالمي» و«كائن حي كبير» يتهيكل، في رأس تقدمه المعاصر، بواسطة شبكة الأنترنت في المقام الأول.

Kelly, K., Out of Control,. The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World, Addison Wesley, NY, 1994

مُقاربة بيولوجية وبيئية وتطورية للظواهر الاجتماعية. روح خلية النحل هي أكثر ذكاء بكثير من النحلة وتطوير شبكات الاتصالات يجعل خلايانا البشرية أكثر تعقيدا وأكثر إبداعا.

Kerckhove (de), D., Connected Intelligence, Somerville House, Toronto, 1997 (Traduction française : L’intelligence des réseaux, Odile Jacob, 2000)

رؤية متحمسة للحضارة الجديدة المرتكزة على الاتصال التفاعلي في الشبكة لخليفة مارشال ماكلوهان في جامعة تورونتو..

 

Levine, R., Locke, C., Searls, D., Weinberger, D., The Cluetrain Manifesto, the End of Business as Usual, Perseus Books, Cambridge, Mass., 1999.

En ligne : http://www.cluetrain.com/

مقاربة متجددة للإدارة والتسويق والعلاقات العامة تُدمج بشكل كامل ثورة الأنترنت والبريد الإلكتروني. يُنظر إلى السوق هنا باعتبارها شبكة من المحادثات في وقت حقيقي عبر الأنترنت يشكل فيها الباعة والمشترون جزءا من مجتمع مترابط واحد.

Lévy, P., Les technologies de l’intelligence. L’avenir de la pensée à l’ère informatique, La Découverte, Paris, 1990

يصف هذا الكتاب الربط بين أجهزة الكمبيوتر ويعلن أهمية النص التشعبي قبل حوالي 4 سنوات من ظهور شبكة الأنترنت. ويُنظر إلى الحاسوب هنا باعتباره تكنولوجيا فكرية تحول البيئة المعرفية لمجتمعاتنا.

Lévy, P. L’intelligence collective. Pour une anthropologie du cyberespace, La Découverte, Paris, 1994

مشروع حضارة الذكاء قد تستخدم على نحو كامل أفضل إمكانات الفضاء الشبكي، وقد صدر الكتاب في عام ظهور شبكة الأنترنت نفسه.

Lévy, P., Qu’est-ce que le virtuel? La Découverte, Paris, 1995

تأمل فلسفي في التحولات المعاصرة للجسد والنص والاقتصاد يُبينُ أن ظاهرة الفرْضَنَة virtualisation هي على الدوام ظاهرة مُشكِّلة للإنسان في أبعاده المؤسِّسة الثلاثة، وهي: اللغة، والتقنية والمؤسسات الاجتماعية المُرَكَّبة.

Lévy, P., Cyberculture, Odile Jacob, Paris, 1997.

عرض للثقافة الجديدة قيد النشأة من منظور إنساني… ومحاولة للرد على الشكوك والمخاوف التي تثيرها ثقافة الأنترنت.

Lévy, P., World Philosophie : le marché, le cyberespace, la conscience, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2000.

رؤية إيجابية (رغم كل شيء!) للعولمة ولتوسع الفضاء الشبكي، تضعهما في عملية استغرقت قرونا عديدة من توحيد الوعي البشري وتوسيعه.

Lévy, P., Cyberdémocratie : Essai de philosophie politique, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2002.

هذا التقييم الأولي لتحول المجال العام العالمي بسبب تنامي الأنترنت يصفُ على وجه الخصوص الخطوات الأولى نحو الحكومة الإلكترونية. ويتواصل البحثُ بمشروع يرمي إلى تعميق الديمقراطية على النطاق العالمي باستخدام جميع موارد الأنترنت. ويورد الكتاب المئات من الروابط التشعبية المنظمة والمذيلة بتعقيبات، وتهم الحياة السياسية في شبكة الأنترنت.

Lévy, P., en ligne, Une liste d’hyperliens sur l’intelligence collective dans le cyberespace: http://noosphere.cc/thinking.html (cliquer sur « Pierre Lévy collective intelligence »)

McLuhan, M., Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man, New American Library, NY, 1964. En français : Pour comprendre les médias. Mame-Seuil, Paris- Montreal, 1968

النص الأساسي للذي يرى في ظهور الوسائط الكهربائية امتدادا للنظام العصبي للإنسان وفجرَ وَعي عالمي. لقد علمنا ماكلوهان تفسير التطور الثقافي بحسب تاريخ الوسائط.

Packer, R., Jordan, K., Multimedia, from Wagner to Virtual Reality, Norton, NY, 2001

Un recueil des principaux textes “historiques” des penseurs et visionnaires du multimdedia et de l’Internet.

مجموعة من النصوص «التاريخية» الأساسية لمفكرين رؤياويين للوسائط التشعبية ولشبكة الأنترنت.

Rheingold, H., Virtual Community, new edition, MIT Press, 2000.

أول تحليل للظاهرة الاجتماعية، بل وربما الأهم منذ 15 عاما، المتمثلة في ظهور المجتمعات الافتراضية.

Rosnay (de), J., L’homme symbiotique, Seuil, Paris, 1995.

رؤية رائعة وعلميا على دراية جيدة بالكائن الحي البشري الكبير الذي هو في طور البناء من لدن نسيج شبكات الاتصالات التفاعلية الكثيفة على نحو متزايد.

Teilhard de Chardin, P. Le Phénomène humain, Seuil, Paris, 1955.

المؤلف هو عالم حفريات يسوعي ومتصوف، وكان أول من وفق بين الإيمان والعقل التطوري بقوة. فهو يتصور التطور باعتباره ارتفاعا إلى أجل غير مسمى نحو مزيد من التعقيد والوعي، أي نحو الله. وكان تكوين إنسانية متعاونة ومترابطة على نحو متزايد بفضل تقدم العلم والتقنية والوسائط أكبر رؤية لفيلسوف يُنظرُ إليه اليومَ بأنه «قديس» الشبكة. وأطلق تيلهار دِ شاردان اسم «مجال الفكر» على الطبقة الروحية من بيئة الروح التي تغلف المجال الحيوي biosphère.

الكتاب متوفر في الشبكة. . (يمكن تحميله من الرابط التالي:

http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chardin_teilhard_de/phenomene_humain/tdc_pheno.pdf (المترجم)).

Vandendorpe, C. Du papyrus à l’hypertexte. Essai sur les mutations du texte et de la lecture, Éditions du Boréal-Éditions de la Découverte, Montréal-Paris, 1999

أفضل كتاب (متعددة التخصصات) في موضوع تحولات القراءة المعاصرة على حوامل رقمية، حيث نكتشف أن قوة قارئ النص التشعبي وحرية توجهه هما امتداد وتطور للنص نحو «جدولية» تُذكِّرُ بخطية المشافهة.

 

السابق
جان كليمون Jean Clément: الأدب ومغامرة الرقمية /ترجمة محمد أسليم
 التالي
كلود بيرسزتيجن Claude Bursztejn: التفكير التشعبي/ترجمة محمد أسليم

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